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Overview of Microorganism Classification and Taxonomy

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the classification of microorganisms, focusing on taxonomy—the science behind organizing and naming organisms. It discusses the evolutionary history of organisms, highlighting significant developments in the classification system from the 18th century to the present. Key classifications like the Three-Domain System are explained, along with the definitions of eukaryotic and prokaryotic species. The text elaborates on identification methods such as morphological characteristics, differential staining, and biochemical tests, which are crucial for distinguishing various microorganisms.

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Overview of Microorganism Classification and Taxonomy

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  1. Chapter 10, part A Classification of Microorganisms

  2. Taxonomy • Taxonomy • The science of classifying organisms • Provides universal names for organisms • Provides a reference for identifying organisms

  3. Taxonomy • Systematics or phylogeny • The study of the evolutionary history of organisms • All Species Inventory (2001-2025) • To identify all species of life on Earth

  4. Taxonomy • 1735 Plant and Animal Kingdoms • 1857 Bacteria & fungi put in the Plant Kingdom • 1866 Kingdom Protista proposed for bacteria, protozoa, algae, & fungi • 1937 "Prokaryote" introduced for cells "without a nucleus" • 1961 Prokaryote defined as cells in which nucleoplasm is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane • 1959 Kingdom Fungi • 1968 Kingdom Prokaryotae proposed • 1978 Two types of prokaryotic cells found

  5. The Three-Domain System Table 10.1

  6. The Three-Domain System Figure 10.1

  7. Table 10.2

  8. Endosymbiotic Theory Figure 10.2 Figure 10.3

  9. Scientific Names

  10. Taxonomic Hierarchy Figure 10.5

  11. Species Definition • Eukaryotic species: • A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves • Prokaryotic species: • A population of cells with similar characteristics • Clone: Population of cells derived from a single cell • Strain: Genetically different cells within a clone • Viral species: • Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

  12. Domain Eukarya • Animalia: Multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic • Plantae: Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic • Fungi: Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments • Protista: A catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms

  13. Prokaryotes Figure 10.6

  14. References

  15. Identification Methods • Morphological characteristics: Useful for identifying eukaryotes • Differential staining: Gram staining, acid-fast staining • Biochemical tests: Determines presence of bacterial enzymes Figure 10.8

  16. Figure 10.7

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