Exploring Cosmic History Through Galaxies and Stars

1. Lecture 19 update

2. Now 13.7 Gyr Big Bang Billion Years 4 5 7 0 1 2 3 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 Billion years 0.2 0.6 1.2 0 0.4 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 Infant Galaxies Cosmic History Galaxy growth and maturation Dark Age First Light First Halos & Stars

3. Maximum density sum sum Short Waves Sit on Longer Ones. density short medium long

4. galaxy collapse & merge Star clusters collapse & merge stars collapse Time Successive Collapse & Merge density

5. Computer simulations of the growth of dark matter structures Place small cube around one of the final clusters in the lower right, zoom into it, and dissolve into the beginning of the right hand movie. Then run the right hand movie. 12 seconds 12 seconds

6. Collapse Time = Cosmic Age B: average C: Lower density Region Size A: Higher density Big Bang Time

7. Big Dipper & Moon same scale Survey fields HDF HUDF GOODS GEMS The Hubble Ultra Deep Field

8. Maybe Blink these comparisons Comparing different surveys Ground 13 orbits (GOODS) Space: HST 400 orbits (HUDF)

9. HUDF 6.5 B-Lyr 4 B-Lyr 9.5 B-Lyr

10. 1 arc second Distant galaxies are smaller than 1 second of arc

11. infants HUDF: a range of distances children adolescents adults What we see

12. Colored Images From Several Filters Combine images A Yellow Filter A filter wheel

13. Visible Infra-red Ultra-violet HUDF Filters I B V R HUDF Filter colors V B R 1.0 I Transmission 800 0 200 400 600 1000 Color: wavelength (nm)

14. Visible Infra-red Ultra-violet rsf = 1.0 Dist = 0.0 Glyr Age = 13.7 Gyr rsf = 2.0 Dist = 8.0 Glyr Age = 5.7 Gyr rsf = 4.0 Dist = 9.5 Glyr Age = 2.2 Gyr rsf = 3.0 Dist = 10.5 Glyr Age = 3.2 Gyr rsf = 5.0 Dist = 12.1 Glyr Age = 1.6 Gyr Redshifting a galaxy spectrum I B V R HUDF Filter colors V B R I 800 0 200 400 600 1000 Color: wavelength (nm)

15. B Drop-Out Galaxies B V R I Color image

16. B Drop-Out Galaxies Stretch factor: 5 Age: 1.6 Byr (9 year olds)

17. V Drop-Out Galaxies B V R I Color image

18. V Drop-Out Galaxies Stretch factor: 6 Age: 1.2 Byr (7 year olds)

19. R Drop-Out Galaxies B V R I Color image

20. R Drop-Out Galaxies Stretch factor 7 Age: 0.9 Byr (5 year olds)

21. Big Bang Now 13.7 Gyr Billion Years 4 5 7 0 1 2 3 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 Cosmic History cosmic stretch factor 2 4 3 # Dark Age First Stars Billion years 0.2 0.6 1.2 0 0.4 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 5 6 8 7 B R V Age of drop-out galaxies “Flash”

22. Young Galaxies Were Small 30,000 ly Typical galaxy today same scale 24 brightest B drop-outs Age: 1.3 - 2 Byr

23. Young Galaxies Were Colliding

24. Now 13.7 Gyr Big Bang Billion Years 4 5 7 0 1 2 3 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 Galaxy Structure Growth

25. Now 13.7 Gyr Big Bang Billion Years 4 5 7 0 1 2 3 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 The Most Distant Galaxies. Dwarf Irregular Galaxy

26. Cosmic Star Population Growth 5 4 3 Star density (Msun / Mly3 106) 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 13.7 Now Big Bang Time (Billions of years)

27. Cosmic Starlight History Now 13.7 Gyr Big Bang Billion Years 4 5 7 0 1 2 3 6 8 9 10 11 12 13

28. Visible Infra-red Ultra-violet Adding HST-NICMOS Infra-red filters ACS Filters NICMOS Filters B R I V J H V B R 1.0 I H J Transmission 1800 800 1200 1400 1600 400 600 1000 0 200 Color: wavelength (nm)

29. Big Bang Now 13.7 Gyr Billion Years 4 5 7 0 1 2 3 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 Cosmic History cosmic stretch factor 2 4 3 # Dark Age First Stars Billion years 0.2 0.6 1.2 0 0.4 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 5 6 12 8 7 10 9 B J R V I Age of drop-out galaxies “Flash”

30. James Webb Space Telescope Comparison of HST and JWST mirrors. An Infrared Optimized 6 meter Space Telescope Proposed launch date 2013 Simulated JWST deep field: compare with HST (zoom and pan)

31. End of Lecture text

32. Visible Infra-red Ultra-violet Redshifting a galaxy spectrum I B V R HUDF Filter colors V B R 1.0 I Transmission 0.5 800 0 200 400 600 1000 Color: wavelength (nm) Need to add a moving redshifted galaxy spectrum

33. Redshifting a galaxy spectrum