The Ancient Hebrews

1. The Ancient Hebrews

2. Objectives You will be able to… Define and explain the concept of a covenant Relate the importance of covenant to the culture of the Hebrews Identify specific steps in Hebrew History Define the Concept of Diaspora Explain the evolution of Hebrew culture throughout different steps of Diaspora

3. What priorities make you who you are? What would you be willing to do to protect these priorities

4. Concept Map What is it? An Agreement between a people and their God What is it like? Unsaid agreement between friends Don’t talk about each other behind each other’s back Concept- Covenant What is a specific example of it? Athletic team Marriage Friendship

5. Main Idea The History of the Hebrews is based in their concept of the covenant they share with their God.

6. Geography of the Hebrews • The Hebrews Claimed Canaan as holy land granted by Yahweh (God) • Throughout history this land has been known as Judea, Palestine or most recently the nation of Israel • source of ongoing conflict in Middle East today between Arab Palestinians and Jews • As their locations changed so did their identities not only being known as the Hebrews but also as the Canaanites, Israelites and eventually Jews

7. Characteristics of the Hebrews Names for the Hebrews • Jews Israelites

8. Main Idea- The history of the Hebrews actually gave rise to three major religions today HAGAR ABRAHAM SARAH Isaac Ishmael 12 Arabian Tribes Jacob Esau 12 Tribes of Israel Muhammad Jesus

9. Abraham’s Journey from Ur • First covenant with Adam-Adam messed up • Second with Noah • Third covenant with Abram-Abraham • Lived as Nomadic herders Moved to Canaan The “Promised Land”

10. Ancient Palestine To Egypt 1700 B.C.E.- Abraham’s great Grandson Joseph led the Hebrews to Egypt More than likely trusted the Egyptians because they were under another Semitic people’s rule- The Hyksos

11. Moses and the Exodus “Prince of Egypt” “Shepherd of His People” 1300-1200 B.C.E.- Exodus- Moses leads Hebrews out of Egypt 80 year trek back to Canaan, known as the Exodus Moses doesn’t make it Established unity among tribes-legacies Passover, and the codified Covenant with God

12. The Exodus

13. Main Idea- Moses “codified the Covenant in the form of the Torah/ Pentateuch,and the 10 Commandments • TorahPentateuch -The first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible. • The most sacred text in the Jewish religious tradition. The Torah

14. Moses and the 10 Commandmets Represented the first written law in the history of the Hebrews

15. World History Quizdom • Yewah told Abraham that he would bless his people so long as he kept his commandments. This is an example of… • A social contract • A codified law • A covenant • A polytheistic promise

16. World History Quizdom • The Torah includes… • The teachings of Muhammad • The Old and New Testament • The Teachings of Jesus • The First 5 books of the Old Testament

17. World History Quizdom • Abraham’s great grandson led the Hebrew people to Egypt because… • They faced famine in Canaan • They were being invaded • He was an agent of the Hyksos • They wanted to join with the Egyptian religion

18. World History Quizdom • Moses codified the covenant with Yahweh through the… • Ten Commandments • Torah • Koran • The Bible

19. World History Quizdom • The Ten Commandments served the Hebrews as… • A declaration of Independence from Egypt • A law specifically set up to secure Moses’ power • A new covenant with God • A new law to live under Egyptian Rule

20. Mount Sinai

21. St. Catherine’s Monasteryat Mount Sinai

22. Era of Reconquest and Disunity • 1100-1020 B.C.E.- Hebrews fight numerous tribes to conquer Canaan • Philistines in particular • Judges- leaders of 12 tribes • Compete for control over Hebrew nation • Most powerful – Samson and Samuel

23. King David’s Empire 1020 B.C.E.- competition and defeat lead Hebrews to unite under one king- Saul 1000 B.C.E.- Discontent with Saul came from both Yahweh and the Hebrew People- David took over the throne 1000 B.C.E.- David, championed by the people unites Northern and Southern Israel and establishes Jerusalem as capital

24. Solomon’s Kingdom- 970-930 B.C. • Most Prosperous Hebrew Ruler during Israel’s Golden Age • Initiated massive building programs-immaculate buildings • Most famous- The Temple of Solomon to house the Ark of the Covenant • Building programs = expenses= Solomon allowed Phoenicians to control some of Northern Israel in return for gold and building materials (including some Israelis)

25. King Solomon’s Temple Floor Plan The First Temple

26. Inside the Temple Tabernacle The Arcof theCovenant

27. Kingdoms of Judah & Israel 922 B.C.E.- Solomon dies leaving weak rulers which leads to a split in the kingdom Israel- 10 Tribes in the North Judah- 2 Tribes in the South- Origin of the name Jews

28. World History Quizdom • Following the death of Solomon, the Kingdom of Israel was split into two kingdoms. The North kept the name Israel, while the south took the name… • Judah • Babylon • New Israel • Hebrewtopia

29. World History Quizdom • Which of the following Hebrew leaders was responsible for the building of God’s temple in Jerusalem? • David • Solomon • Moses • Joshua

30. Israelites in Diaspora-Main Idea the second era of displacement affected the Israelites culturally and politically Diaspora-Displacement- whereJews forcibly moved from their home in Canaan • Leadership during this time was under the Prophets First Diaspora-722 B.C.E. Assyrians conquer Mesopotamia particularly focusing on Israel leaving Judah mostly alone Changed Israeli make up by introducing Samaritans- discriminated group of mixed Israeli and Syrian bloodlines Second Diaspora-586 B.C.E.- Chaldeans (New Babylonians) invaded Jerusalem and Judah, destroying Solomon’s Temple and forcing Israelis to relocate to Babylon

31. World History Quizdom • What later, discriminated group resulted from the invasion and occupation of the Assyrians into Israel? • Hittites • Samaritans • Pharisees • Gentiles

32. World History Quizdom • What group served as the interpreters of Yewah’s will during the era’s of displacement? • Prophets • Priests • Lords • warriors

33. World History Quizdom • The Era of “diaspora” was characterized by… • Warfare amongst the tribes of Israel • Slavery under Egypt • Displacement from the Israelites homeland • A brief period of polytheism

34. Diaspora and Rebuilding Contributions of Exile • Synagogues were built throughout Middle East • Places of Jewish learning • Established to maintain their culture in a time away from the Holy Land • Established two new ruling classes • Pharisees • Sagusees 539 B.C.E.- Persians Conquered Chaldeans allowing Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild Temple 400 B.C.E.- Torah is organized

35. 33 A.D.- Christianity branches from Judaism teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Jerusalem becomes holy city for Christians when Jesus was crucified 66 A.D.- Romans invade to stop Jewish revolution- final destruction of Temple of David except for wailing wall 77 A.D. Jews exiled from Holy Land beginning Diaspora until late 19th century Diaspora and Rebuilding

36. Characteristics of the Hebrews Monotheists Yahweh = God Legal System –Theocracy-Divided among 12 tribes-Relied upon Divine law Also known as Israelites, Jews Economy- Nomadic herding, traders Impacts today Source of three main world religion

37. Jewish Customs El Shaddai (Lord God Almighty) El Elyon (The Most High God) Adonai (Lord, Master) Yahweh (Lord, Jehovah) Jehovah Nissi (The Lord My Banner) Jehovah-Raah (The Lord My Shepherd) Jehovah Rapha (The Lord That Heals) Jehovah Shammah (The Lord Is There) Jehovah Tsidkenu (The Lord Our Righteousness) Jehovah Mekoddishkem (The Lord Who Sanctifies You) El Olam (The Everlasting God) Elohim (God) Qanna (Jealous) Jehovah Jireh (The Lord Will Provide) Jehovah Shalom (The Lord Is Peace) Jehovah Sabaoth (The Lord of Hosts) Tetragrammaton No vowels Names for God

38. The Temple Mount, Jerusalem Today- Last Remnant of the Hebrew’s Height of Power Solomon’s Temple Wall: The “Wailing” Wall