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Please be Seated

Please be Seated. The physics of sound: What makes musical tones different?. Special Lecture for the 2005 Year of Physics in coordination with the French National Center for Scientific Research and the French Embassy in Washington DC. Special Guests:

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Please be Seated

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  1. PleasebeSeated

  2. The physics of sound:What makes musicaltones different? Special Lecture for the 2005 Year of Physics in coordination with the French National Center for Scientific Research and the French Embassy in Washington DC

  3. Special Guests: Michẻla Castellengo, Research Director, Musical Acoustics Lab, University of Paris Hugues Genevoire, Research Engineer, Musical Acoustics Lab, University of Paris Charles Besnainous, Research Engineer, Musical Acoustics Lab, University of Paris Joseph Curtin, stringed instrument maker Benoît Rolland, bow maker Serge de Laubier, musician-researcher

  4. The Overtone Series

  5. Standing waves in a string

  6. The Overtone Series

  7. Standing waves in air columns

  8. The Overtone Series

  9. Standard electronic wave forms • Sine wave • Sawtooth wave • Pulse train • Triangular wave • Square wave

  10. Fourier’s Theorem: Any complex wave can be “synthesized” by adding its harmonics together with the proper amplitudes and phases. “Fourier synthesis” and “Fourier analysis”

  11. Fourier Synthesis

  12. Fourier SynthesisSawtooth wave

  13. Fourier SynthesisPulse train wave

  14. Fourier SynthesisTriangular wave

  15. Fourier SynthesisSquare wave

  16. Fourier AnalysisorSpectrum Analysis

  17. Sine Wave Spectrum

  18. Sawtooth Wave Spectrum

  19. Pulse Train Spectrum

  20. Triangular Wave Spectrum

  21. Square Wave Spectrum

  22. Analysis of Musical Sounds

  23. Recorder Wave and Spectrum

  24. Violin Wave and Spectrum

  25. Crumhorn Wave and Spectrum

  26. Clarinet Wave and Spectrum

  27. Factors in Tone Quality 1. Amplitudes of harmonics 2. Attack and decay transients 3. Inharmonicities 4. Formants 5. Vibrato 6. Chorus effect

  28. Vocal Formants

  29. Frequency: f1 = 500 Hz f3 = 1500 Hz f5 = 2500 Hz Vocal range: 150-850 Hz 500-2500 Hz 1500-3500 Hz Origin of Vocal Formants(~17.5 cm closed tube) Mode:

  30. Simple formant model From Thomas D. Rossing, The Science of Sound, second edition

  31. Vowel formant production Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html

  32. Vowel Formant Frequencies From Donald E. Hall, Musical Acoustics, Second Edition

  33. TheSingersFormant Averaged spectral energy distribution: Light: ordinary speech Dark: orchestral accompaniment Brown: Good singer with orchestra Johan Sundberg: The Acoustics of the Singing Voice; Sci. Amer., March 1977

  34. Sound Spectrograms

  35. Vocal Formant spectra “OO” “AH” “EE”

  36. Vocal Spectrogram of Formants

  37. Voice and Synthesizer “wow”

  38. Matching vocal spectrograms Kay Elemetrics, Computerized Speech Laboratory

  39. Helium Voice Singing frequency remains the same (vibration of vocal folds) Formant frequencies rise because She >> Sair Why?

  40. Vowel formant production Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html

  41. Speed of Sound inHelium and Sulfur Hexafluoride

  42. The EndThank you for your attention We are on the web at http://www.physics.umd.edu/lecdem/ Animated Gifs compliments of bellsnwhistles.com

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