Modal Verbs

1. Modal Verbs Should – Must – Have to

2. Formulation Should andMust are real modal verbs, and therefore, like all modal verbs: They are always followed by the “Infinitive without to”. Should do, Must do They are the same for all the pronouns: I should, he should, it should etc.

3. Formulation Should andMust are real modal verbs, and therefore, like all modal verbs: Do not need auxiliaries. They take direct negative and question forms I Should not (Shouldn´t). We must not (mustn´t) Should I? Must we? Never combine with another modal verb: You should can You should be able to… He will must He will have to…

4. Formulation “Have to” is a semi-modal verb. Modal verb because it has a specific function (oblibation) Normal verb because it follows the verb ‘to have’ It is followed by the infinitive “Without to”: Have to do It is conjugated according to pronouns: I have to, he has to, etc.

5. Formulation “Have to” is a semi-modal verb. Modal verb because it has a specific function (oblibation) Normal verb because it follows the verb ‘to have’ It needs auxiliaries. It doesn´t take direct negative and question forms I don´t have to . She doesn´t have to Do I have to? Does she have to? It can combine whit modal verbs: You will have to, he might have to.

6. 1. Expressing an opinion/giving advice or asking for advice. Usage - Should I believe teachers should have higher salaries. You look Tired. I think you should have some rest. He shouldn´t make a rushed decision. Do you think we should phone her? What should I say when I speak to him?

7. 2. Expressing an expectation Usage - Should He should arrive any minute. He should be long now. He shouldn´t have arrived by now.

8. 3. Expressing a regret about a past action Usage - Should You should have been more careful. I shouldn´t have said that.

9. Usage - Should Note 1: “Ought to” is a synonym for “should”. It generally sounds more formal than “should”

10. Usage - Should Note 2: Should (but not Ought to ) is also express a small possibility. - If I should ever go back there, I will not make the same mistake again. - Should you need any further assistance, do not hesitate to contact me. (Formal writing)

11. 1. Expressing a necessity felt by the speaker (present or future) Usage - Must He is very ill. You must call a doctor now. We must not (mustn´t) lose the match tomorrow, or we will be out of the tournament. This is the best book I´ve ever read. You must read too. You mustn´t hesitate to call me if you need help.

12. 2. Expressing a prohibition (present or future) Usage - Must You must not (mustn´t) use your mobile devices during take off. You must not be late for your interview tomorrow.

13. 3. Expressing an assumption in the present or past (affirmative sentences only) Usage - Must You must be tired after your very long day. He must have read my letter, because he repeated exactly what I had written.

14. 1. Expressing an external obligation (positive sentences) Usage – Have to You have to make an appointment to see him. She has failed her exam. She Has to retake it.

15. 2. Expressing a necessity or obligation in the past Usage – Have to He was very ill, he had to call the doctor immediately. He was very busy, I Had to make an appointment to see him.

16. 3. Removing a necessity or an obligation (Present, past, future) Usage – Have to He feels much better now, you don´t have to call a doctor. I didn´t have to make an appointment to see him. She has passed her exam, she won´t have to retake it.

17. Usage - Have to Note 1: As you can see, the main difference between “must” And “Have to” is that “must” is a necessity felt by the speaker, whereas “have to” is an external obligation or rule. If this difference is not relevant, you can use “must” and “have to”. VERY OFTEN BOTH CAN BE USED!!!

18. Usage - Have to Note 2: However, be careful that in the negative “must not”isstill a necessity or an obligation NOT TO DO something (a prohibition) “don´t have to”removes the necessity or obligation. Compare: You mustn’t cross the street when there’s a red light. (= prohibition) I don’t have to go to the doctor anymore. (= it is not necessary anymore)

19. Usage - Have to Note 2: As “must” has no past tense, both obligation and necessity are expressed with“hadto” in the past.

20. Usage - Have to Note 3: “Need to” is a softer alternative to both “must” and “have to”: - I must/need to finish this tonight, because I want to take tomorrow off. - I have to/need to finish this tonight. My deadline is tomorrow. - Do I need to finish this tonight? I don´t need to finish this tonight.

21. Usage - Have to Note 3: You may also come across the modal verb “Need ”. It is a very common modal verb, and can only be used in negative sentences and questions: - Do I need to finish this? = need I finish this? - I don´t need to finish this = I needn´t to finish this.

22. Gap filling exercise Have you had your exam results? Yes, I've failed biology. I will ………………..…..retake it in august. Oh sorry. You ……….. be pretty upset. What about physics? I´ve passed that but with very low mark. My teacher thinks I ……………….retake that too.

23. Gap filling exercise Have you had your exam results? Yes, I've failed biology. I will have to (need to) retake it in august. Oh sorry. You must be pretty upset. What about physics? I´ve passed that but with very low mark. My teacher thinks I should (Ought to) retake that too.

24. Gap filling exercise Do you think you ……………………retake it? No. I strongly feel that I must …………focus on biology. I …………fail that one. I …………………..get at least a 8 in biology to study medicine at university. Did you fail biology last year as well? No. I passed in last year. I ………………….have passed it this year too. I just didn´t study enough.

25. Gap filling exercise Do you think you should (ought to) retake it? No. I strongly feel that I must (need to) focus on biology. I mustn´t fail that one. I have to (need to) get at least a 8 in biology to study medicine at university. Did you fail biology last year as well? No. I passed in last year. I should (ought to) have passed it this year too. I just didn´t study enough.

26. Gap filling exercise You ……..have studied enough! You always do. The exam …….. have been difficult. No, the exam wasn´t difficult. I was too tired. I ………………………....... have partied the night before. I ………………………have studied instead. Oh, I see. Well, you are good at biology. You ……………………...be able to pass it in august.

27. Gap filling exercise You must have studied enough! You always do. The exam must have been difficult. No, the exam wasn´t difficult. I was too tired. I shouldn´t (Oughtn´t to) have partied the night before. I should (ought to) have studied instead. Oh, I see. Well, you are good at biology. You should (ought to) be able to pass it in august.

28. Gap filling exercise I hope so. I ……………….………….find a summer job as well. My dad insist! Did you have a summer job last year? No. I didn´t ……………………. work last summer. I have some savings then. What happen to your savings?

29. Gap filling exercise I hope so. I will have to (need to) find a summer job as well. My dad insist! Did you have a summer job last year? No. I didn´t have to (need to) work last summer. I have some savings then. What happen to your savings?

30. Gap filling exercise I had to buy a car because my flat was too far from the college. Well. Good luck with your retake. You must let me know how it went.