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Energy and Metabolism

Energy and Metabolism. I. Energy Basics. Energy Basics A. Forms of Energy - energy is the capacity to cause change. Energy Basics A. Forms of Energy - energy is the capacity to cause change 1. kinetic = energy of a moving body - thermal = energy of moving atoms

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Energy and Metabolism

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  1. Energy and Metabolism

  2. I. Energy Basics

  3. Energy Basics • A. Forms of Energy • - energy is the capacity to cause change

  4. Energy Basics • A. Forms of Energy • - energy is the capacity to cause change • 1. kinetic = energy of a moving body • - thermal = energy of moving atoms • - light = energy of moving photons • - electricity = energy of moving charge • 2. potential = energy in matter due to location/structure • - potential kinetic (position) • - potential electric (like in a battery or across a membrane) • - chemical (energy that can be release by the breaking of chemical bonds)

  5. Energy Basics • A. Forms of Energy • B. Laws of Thermodynamics

  6. Energy Basics • A. Forms of Energy • B. Laws of Thermodynamics • 1. Conservation of Energy: • Energy/matter can not be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred and transformed.

  7. Energy Basics • A. Forms of Energy • B. Laws of Thermodynamics • 1. Conservation of Energy: • Energy/matter can not be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred and transformed. • 2. Law of Entropy: • Every energy transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

  8. Transformations 4H 2 He + E = light E Light E Thermal E of skin, water Thermal E of skin Thermal E of water Potential on board Kinetic of diver Chemical E thermal body heat Chemical E kinetic E of muscles Kinetic E of muscles Potential E on board

  9. Transformations Inefficiencies Open systems can increase in local complexity as long as “energy in” exceeds the energy needed to increase the complexity of the system; such that there is still an increase in “energy out” - the entropy of the universe … so that the total energy of the universe remains constant and entropy increases. W P E En

  10. Transformations Inefficiencies P E En Life Open systems can increase in local complexity as long as “energy in” exceeds the energy needed to increase the complexity of the system; such that there is still an increase in “energy out” - the entropy of the universe … so that the total energy of the universe remains constant and entropy increases.

  11. Transformations Inefficiencies P E En Life Open systems can increase in local complexity as long as “energy in” exceeds the energy needed to increase the complexity of the system; such that there is still an increase in “energy out” - the entropy of the universe … so that the total energy of the universe remains constant and entropy increases.

  12. Metabolism Overview • A. Catabolism and Anabolism: • TO build a useful biomolecule (anabolism) or to do mechanical work (kinetic energy), the matter and energy must come from somewhere…. Except for photosynthesis, the source of energy used in living systems is chemical potential energy, harvested by catabolic processes called CELLULAR RESPIRATION.

  13. Chemical Potential Energy CATABOLISM ENERGY FOR: “ENTROPY” ANABOLISM WORK

  14. + Energy + Energy

  15. + Energy Coupled Reaction ATP ADP + P + Energy Coupled Reaction + Energy

  16. Metabolism Overview • A. Catabolism and Anabolism: • B. Cell Respiration: • Harvesting Energy • from Molecules

  17. MATTER and ENERGY in FOOD MONOMERS and WASTE DIGESTION AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION ADP + P ATP

  18. B. Cell Respiration: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism

  19. B. Cell Respiration: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism GLYCOLYSIS

  20. B. Cell Respiration: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism GLYCOLYSIS Oxygen Present? Oxygen Absent? Aerobic Resp. Anaerobic Resp.

  21. B. Cell Respiration: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism GLYCOLYSIS Oxygen Present? Oxygen Absent? Fermentation A little ATP

  22. B. Cell Respiration: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism GLYCOLYSIS Oxygen Present? Oxygen Absent? Gateway CAC ETC Fermentation LOTS OF ATP A little ATP

  23. B. Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: - Occurs in presence OR absence of oxygen gas. - All cells do this! (very primitive pathway) - Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells

  24. Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P used LE 9-8 Glycolysis Energy payoff phase formed ATP ATP ATP 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Net 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 ATP 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+

  25. What's needed to keep the reaction going? Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P used LE 9-8 Glycolysis Energy payoff phase formed ATP ATP ATP 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Net 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 ATP 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+

  26. What's needed t keep the reaction going? - glucose.... (moot) Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P used LE 9-8 Glycolysis Energy payoff phase formed ATP ATP ATP 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Net 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 ATP 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+

  27. What's needed to keep the reaction going? - glucose.... - ATP... but previous rxn made some, so that's there Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P used LE 9-8 Glycolysis Energy payoff phase formed ATP ATP ATP 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Net 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 ATP 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+

  28. What's needed to keep the reaction going? - glucose.... - ATP... but previous rxn made some, so that's there - and you need NAD to accept the electrons.... Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P used LE 9-8 Glycolysis Energy payoff phase formed ATP ATP ATP 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Net 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 ATP 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+

  29. What's needed to keep the reaction going? - glucose.... - ATP... but previous rxn made some, so that's there - and you need NAD to accept the electrons.... AS GLYCOLYSIS PROCEEDS, THE [NAD+] DECLINES AND CAN BECOME LIMITING.... Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P used LE 9-8 Glycolysis Energy payoff phase formed ATP ATP ATP 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Net 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 ATP 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+

  30. What's needed to keep the reaction going? - glucose.... - ATP... but previous rxn made some, so that's there - and you need NAD to accept the electrons.... AS GLYCOLYSIS PROCEEDS, THE [NAD+] DECLINES AND CAN BECOME LIMITING.... CELLS HAVE EVOLVED TO RECYCLE NAD+..... SO GLYCOLYSIS CAN CONTINUE.... Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P used LE 9-8 Glycolysis Energy payoff phase formed ATP ATP ATP 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Net 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 ATP 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+

  31. Glucose CYTOSOL NAD+ NAD+ PYRUVATE Pyruvate No O2 present Fermentation O2 present Cellular respiration LE 9-18 MITOCHONDRION Ethanol or lactate Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle

  32. B. Respiration 1. Glycolysis: 2. Anaerobic Respiration a. in plants, fungi, and bacteria: Ethyl Alcohol Fermentation

  33. P 2 ADP + 2 2 ATP i Glycolysis Glucose LE 9-17a 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ 2 NADH CO2 2 + 2 H+ 2 Acetaldehyde 2 Ethanol Alcohol fermentation

  34. B. Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: 2. Anaerobic Respiration - Glycolosis a. in plants, fungi, and bacteria: Ethyl Alcohol Fermentation b. in animals: Lactic Acid Fermentation

  35. P 2 ADP + 2 2 ATP i Glycolysis Glucose LE 9-17b 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 Pyruvate 2 Lactate Lactic acid fermentation

  36. B. Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: 2. Anaerobic Respiration - Glycolosis a. in plants, fungi, and bacteria: Ethyl Alcohol Fermentation b. in animals: Lactic Acid Fermentation In both processes, NAD is recycled so glycolysis can continue… that is the primary goal Energy harvest by glycolysis can continue at a low rate.

  37. B. Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: 2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration

  38. B. Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: 2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration (in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells) - Had Glycolysis: C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH a - Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP

  39. Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH energy harvested as NADH LE 9-10 NAD+ NADH + H+ Acetyl Co A CO2 Coenzyme A Pyruvate Transport protein

  40. B. Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: 2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration (in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells) - Had Glycolysis: C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH a - Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP

  41. b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP

  42. b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP 1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate)

  43. b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP • C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate) • One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH)

  44. b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP • C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate) • One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) • The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!!

  45. b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP • C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate) • One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) • The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!! • The C4 molecules is rearranged, regenerating the oxaloacetate; releasing energy that is stored in ATP, FADH, and NADH.

  46. b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP • C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate) • One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) • The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!! • The C4 molecules is rearranged, regenerating the oxaloacetate; releasing energy that is stored in ATP, FADH, and NADH. • In summary, the C2 acetyl is split and the energy released is trapped in ATP, FADH, and 3 NADH. (this occurs for EACH of the 2 pyruvates from the initial glucose).

  47. B. Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: 2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration a - Glycolysis: C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH b - Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH c - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP

  48. d - Electron Transport Chain: transfer energy in NADH, FADH to ATP

  49. STORES ENERGY ATP NADH 50 FADH2 ADP + P Multiprotein complexes I FAD 40 FMN II Fe•S Fe•S LE 9-13 Q III Cyt b Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle Glycolysis Fe•S electron 30 Cyt c1 IV Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol) Cyt c ATP ATP ATP Cyt a Cyt a3 20 RELEASES ENERGY 10 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 0 H2O

  50. STORES ENERGY ATP NADH 50 FADH2 ADP + P Multiprotein complexes I FAD 40 FMN II Fe•S Fe•S LE 9-13 Q III Cyt b Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle Glycolysis Fe•S electron 30 Cyt c1 IV Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol) Cyt c ATP ATP ATP Cyt a Cyt a3 20 RELEASES ENERGY 10 HEY!!! Here’s the first time O2 shows up!!! It is the final electron acceptor, and water is produced as a waste product! 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 0 H2O

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