States of Consciousness

1. States of Consciousness

2. Waking Consciousness • Consciousness • our awareness of ourselves and our environments

3. Sleep and Dreams • Biological Rhythms • periodic physiological fluctuations • Circadian Rhythm • the biological clock • regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle, such as of wakefulness and body temperature

4. Sleep and Dreams • REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep • recurring sleep stage • vivid dreams • “paradoxical sleep” • muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active • Sleep • periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

5. Sleep and Dreams • Measuring sleep activity

6. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages • Alpha Waves • slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain • Delta Waves • large, slow waves of deep sleep • Hallucinations • false sensory experiences

7. Awake Sleep stages 1 2 3 REM 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours of sleep Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep

8. Minutes of Stage 4 and REM Decreasing Stage 4 25 20 15 Increasing REM 10 5 0 1 2 5 6 7 8 3 4 Hours of sleep Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep

9. Sleep Deprivation • Effects of Sleep Loss • fatigue • impaired concentration • depressed immune system • greater vulnerability to accidents

10. Accident frequency More sleep, fewer accidents Less sleep, more accidents 2,800 2,700 4,200 2,600 4000 2,500 3,800 2,400 3,600 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Monday before time change Monday after time change Sleep Deprivation

11. Sleep Disorders • Insomnia • persistent problems in falling or staying asleep • Narcolepsy • uncontrollable sleep attacks • Sleep Apnea • temporary cessation of breathing • momentary re-awakenings

12. Sleep stages Awake 1 2 3 REM 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours of sleep Night Terrors and Nightmares • Night Terrors • occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 • high arousal-- appearance of being terrified

13. Dreams: Freud • Dreams • sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind • hallucinatory imagery • discontinuities • incongruities • delusional acceptance of the content • difficulties remembering

14. Dreams: Freud • Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) • wish fulfillment • discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings • Manifest Content • remembered story line • Latent Content • underlying meaning

15. Dreams • As Information Processing • helps facilitate memories • REM Rebound • REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

17. Sleep Across the Lifespan

18. Hypnosis • a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur • Posthypnotic Amnesia • supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis • induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

19. Hypnosis • Unhypnotized persons can also do this

20. Hypnosis • Orne & Evans (1965) • control group instructed to “pretend” • unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones

21. Hypnosis • Posthypnotic Suggestion • suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized • used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

22. Hypnosis • Dissociation • a split in consciousness • allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others • Hidden Observer • Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

23. Explaining Hypnosis

24. Near-Death Experiences • Near-Death Experience • an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death • often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

25. Near-Death Experiences • Dualism • the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact • Monism • the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing

26. Drugs and Consciousness • Psychoactive Drug • a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood • Physical Dependence • physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms • Psychological Dependence • a psychological need to use a drug

27. Big effect Response to first exposure Drug effect After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Little effect Large Small Drug dose Dependence and Addiction • Tolerance • diminishing effect with regular use • Withdrawal • discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use

28. Psychoactive Drugs • Depressants • drugs that reduce neural activity • slow body functions • alcohol, barbiturates, opiates • Stimulants • drugs that excite neural activity • speed up body functions • caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

29. Psychoactive Drugs • Hallucinogens • psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input • LSD

30. Psychoactive Drugs • Barbiturates • drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

31. Psychoactive Drugs • Opiates • opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) • opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

32. Psychoactive Drugs • Amphetamines • drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

33. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

34. Psychoactive Drugs • Ecstasy (MDMA) • synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen • both short-term and long-term health risks • THC • the major active ingredient in marijuana • triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

35. Psychoactive Drugs • LSD • lysergic acid diethylamide • a powerful hallucinogenic drug • also known as acid

36. Psychoactive Drugs

37. 80% 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 High school seniors reporting drug use Alcohol Marijuana/ hashish Cocaine 1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Year Trends in Drug Use

38. 100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Perceived “great risk of harm” in marijuana use Percent of twelfth graders Used marijuana ‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Year Perceived Marijuana Risk