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Introduction to OFDM

Introduction to OFDM. Fire Tom Wada Professor, Information Engineering, Univ. of the Ryukyus Chief Scientist at Magna Design Net, Inc wada@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp http://www.ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/~wada/. What is OFDM?. OFDM =Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

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Introduction to OFDM

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  1. Introduction to OFDM Fire Tom Wada Professor, Information Engineering, Univ. of the Ryukyus Chief Scientist at Magna Design Net, Inc wada@ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp http://www.ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/~wada/ System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  2. What is OFDM? • OFDM=Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing • Many orthogonal sub-carriers are multiplexed in one symbol • What is the orthogonal? • How multiplexed? • What is the merit of OFDM? • What kinds of application? System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  3. Outline • Background, history, application • Review of digital modulation • FDMA vs. Multi-carrier modulation • Theory of OFDM • Multi-path • Summary System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  4. Why OFDM is getting popular？ • State-of-the-art high bandwidth digital communication start using OFDM • Terrestrial Video Broadcasting in Japan and Europe • ADSL High Speed Modem • WLAN such as IEEE 802.11a/g/n • WiMAX as IEEE 802.16d/e • Economical OFDM implementation become possible because of advancement in the LSI technology System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  5. Japan Terrestrial Video Broadcasting service • ISDB-T (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting for Terrestrial Television Broadcasting) • Service starts on 2003/December at three major cities (Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka) • Full service area coverage on 2006 • 5.6MHz BW is divided into 13 segments (~430KHz BW) • HDTV: 12 segments • Mobile TV : 1 segment • SDTV: 4 segment • Analog Service will end 2011 System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  6. Brief history of OFDM • First proposal in 1950’s • Theory completed in 1960’s • DFT implementation proposed in 1970’s • Europe adopted OFDM for digital radio broadcasting in 1987 • OFDM for Terrestrial Video broadcasting in Europe and Japan • ADSL, WLAN(802.11a) System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  7. Digital modulation basics • Digital modulation modulates three parameters of sinusoidal signal. • A, θk fc, • Three type digital modulation: • ASK : Amplitude Shift Keying • PSK : Phase Shift Keying • FSK : Frequency Shift Keying OFDM uses combination of ASK and PSK such as QAM, PSK System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  8. Symbol Waveform 1 0 1 0 0 Digital Information carrier ASK PSK FSK System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada) Symbol length

  9. Multi bit modulation carrier 1 0 1 0 0 BPSK 1bit per symbol 11 01 00 01 10 QPSK 2bit per symbol Symbol length System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  10. Transmission signal can be expressed as follows s(t) can be expressed by complex base-band signal Mathematical expression of digital modulation Indicates carrier sinusoidal Digital modulation Digital modulation can be expressed by the complex number System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  11. Constellation map • (ak + jbk) is plotted on I(real)-Q(imaginary) plane QPSK Q I System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  12. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 16QAM 64QAM Q Q I I System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  13. Q I Summary of digital modulation • Type of modulation: ASK,PSK,FSK,QAM • OFDM uses ASK,PSK,QAM • Digital modulation is mathematically characterized by the coefficient of complex base-band signal • Plot of the coefficients gives the constellation map System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  14. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) • Old conventional method (Analog TV, Radio etc.) • Use separate carrier frequency for individual transmission Channel separation Occupied BW fｃ１ fｃ2 fｃ3 fｃN Radio frequency Carrier frequency Guard band System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  15. Japan VHF channel assignment • Channel Separation = 6MHz System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  16. Multi-carrier modulation • Use multiple channel (carrier frequency) for one data transmission LPF LPF DEMULTIPLEX MULTIPLEX data data LPF System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  17. Spectrum comparison for same data rate transmission Multi carrier frequency Single carrier frequency OFDM frequency System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  18. OFDM vs. Multi carrier • OFDM is multi carrier modulation • OFDM sub-carrier spectrum is overlapping • In FDMA, band-pass filter separates each transmission • In OFDM, each sub-carrier is separated by DFT because carriers are orthogonal • Condition of the orthogonality will be explained later • Each sub-carrier is modulated by PSK, QAM Thousands of PSK/QAM symbol can be simultaneously transmitted in one OFDM symbol System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  19. OFDM carriers • OFDM carrier frequency is n・1/T Symbol period T System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  20. Orthogonal Orthogonal Sinusoidal Orthogonality • m,n: integer, T=1/f0 Orthogonal System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  21. Amplitude and Phase will be digitally modulated A sub-carrier of f=nf0 n cycles Time t=0 t=T System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  22. Base-band OFDM signal Ｔ n=0 n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5 n=6 sB(t) System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  23. How an,bn are caluculated from sB(t)- Demodulation Procedure - • According to the sinusoidal orthogonality, an,bn can be extracted. • In actual implementation, DFT(FFT) is used • N is roughly 64 for WLAN, thoudand for Terrestrial Video Broadcasting System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  24. Pass-band OFDM signal • SB(t) is upcoverted to pass-band signal S(t) • fc frequency shift System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  25. Actual OFDM spectrum fｃ＋ｋｆ０ fｃ＋(ｋ+1)ｆ０ fｃ＋(ｋ-1)ｆ０ System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  26. OFDM power spectrum • Total Power spectrum is almost square shape System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  27. OFDM signal generation • Direct method needs N digital modulators N carrier frequency generator  Not practical • In 1971, method using DFT is proposed to OFDM siganal generation System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  28. Define complex base-band signal u(t) as follows Perform N times sampling in period T OFDM signal generation in digital domain u(k) = IFFT (dn) = IFFT(an + jbn) System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  29. OFDM modulator MAP S / P I-DFT P / S Real Bit stream Imag ＢＰＦ AIR generated0~dＮ－１ System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  30. OFDM demodulation dn = FFT(u(k)) System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  31. OFDM demodulator (Too simple) Tuner LPF S / P DFT P / S A / D Channel π/2 LPF DEMAP Bit Stream System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  32. Summary of OFDM signal • Each symbol carries information • Each symbol wave is sum of many sinusoidal • Each sinusoidal wave can be PSK, QAM modulated • Using IDFT and DFT, OFDM implementation became practical Time Symbol periodT=1/f０ System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  33. Multi-path • Delayed wave causes interference System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  34. Multi-pass effect Symbol k-1 Symbol k Symbol k+1 • Inter symbol interference (ISI) happens in Multi-path condition No multi-path T=1/f０ Sampling Period Direct Multi-path Delayed Sampling Period System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  35. Guard Interval Tg OFDM symbol(1/f0) Tg • By adding the Gurard Interval Period, ISI can be avoided Tg Copy signal Tg OFDM symbol (1/f0) Direct Delayed Sampling Period System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  36. Multi-path • By adding GI, orthogonality can be maintained • However, multi-path causes Amplitude and Phase distortion for each sub-carrier • The distortion has to be compensated by Equalizer System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  37. Multiple Frequency Network f3 • Frequency utilization is low f１ f1 Area 3 Area 4 Area 1 f2 Area 2 System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  38. Single Frequency Network f１ • If multi-path problem is solved,SFN is possible f１ f1 Area 3 Area 4 Area 1 f１ Area 2 System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

  39. That’s all for introduction • Feature of OFDM • High Frequency utilization by the square spectrum shape • Multi-path problem is solved by GI • Multiple services in one OFDM by sharing sub-carriers (3 services in ISDB-T) • SFN • Implementation was complicated but NOW possible because of LSI technology progress System Arch 2007 (Fire Tom Wada)

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