January 9, 2014

1. January 9, 2014 • Notes: 25.4 • 25.4 Vocabulary ***USE ONLINE TEXTBOOK LINK TO COMPLETE VOCAB ***CURRENT EVENT DUE TOMORROW ***WWII EXAM (24,25): WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 15 *** EXTRA CREDIT BATTLES PACKET DUE DAY OF EXAM

2. World War II Pushing the Axis Back Ch. 25 Section 4

3. WWII Continued… • Jan.1943: Casablanca Conference- FDR & Churchill decide to bomb Germany andinvade Sicily. • Jan.1943-May 1945: RAF and U.S. dropped 53,000 tons of bombs on Germany every month to try and destroy its economy and lower the morale of the German people.

4. Operation Husky • July 10, 1943: Allies invade Sicily. • Meet Nazi and Italian resistance. • DUKW: Amphibious truck landing makes bringing supplies, men, artillery, easy. • 6 week land battle after amphibious landing plus airborne support. • Americans captured Western Sicily while British attacked from the south. • Aug.18, 1943: Germans evacuated Sicily. • Over 23,000 German casualties; Over 100,000 Italian casualties. • Close to 9,000 American casualties.

5. Italian Campaign • King of Italy told Mussolini that the people & soldiers do not want to fight anymore. • King arrests Mussolini and begins negotiating with the Allies for Italy’s surrender. • Sept. 16, 1943: Italy surrenders. • But…Nazi’s still in northern Italy controlling Rome-it would take the Allies five more months to break through German lines and conquer Rome. • Italian campaign costs 300,000 Allied lives.

6. Now on to Germany… • 1943 - F.D.R., Churchill & Stalin met in Iran at Tehran Conference. • Decided that the Americans & the British would open up a 2ndfront in Western Europe in Nazi occupied France. • Also agreed to break up Germany after the war. • Stalin promised that the Soviet Union would help the U.S. defeat Japan after Germany is defeated. • Allied invasion of France under the command of Dwight Eisenhower: Operation Overlord. • D-Day: June 6, 1944

8. Germany’s Defeat • 5 beach-heads called Utah, Omaha, Juno, Sword & Gold. • Omaha was the heaviest defended by Nazis-Americans landed there. • June 6, 1944, D-Day, the invasion of France began.

9. Monday, January 14, 2013 • Video: D-Day-June 6, 1944 • 25.4 Notes and Vocabulary • No Current Event This Week! • WWII Exam Thursday (chapters 24 & 25)…Battles Packet Due! • We have the Library Wednesday, 7th period. • Mid-Term Prep Friday

10. Allies Advance from the West • The Allied victory at Normandy was beginning of the end for Nazi Germany. • Allies advanced from the West and the Soviets from the East. • Paris was liberated Aug., 1944.

12. Battle of the Bulge • December, 1944: Ardennes Forest-Battle of the Bulge. • Allies take heavy casualties early and suffer frostbite. • But American forces held the line and Allied bombers began decimating German troops until reinforcements arrived. • 3 week battle won by Allies. • Americans: 89,000 casualties; 19,000 KIA. • Time for Allies to invade Germany from West with Soviet Union from East.

13. V-E Day • Americans lead Allies through Germany towards Berlin. • April 30, 1945 – Hitler commits suicide. • May 2, 1945 Berlin falls to Soviet Union. • May 7, 1945 – Germany officially surrenders and Allies celebrate V-E Day (Victory in Europe). • F.D.R. didn’t live to see this day as he died a few weeks earlier. • Harry Trumanbecomes President.

15. Japan is Defeated • Iwo Jima: Feb 1945 – One of the most fierce battles of the war took place on an island 5 miles long and 650 miles south of Tokyo. • In 36 days of fighting, Marines suffered 25,000 casualties before taking the island.

16. Okinawa • March/April, 1945 – The battle for Okinawa, an island only 340 miles from Japan. • Okinawa was the costliest battle of the Pacific resulting in roughly 50,000 American casualties.

17. Manhattan Project • Codename for the creation of the atomic bomb (New Mexico.)

18. Manhattan Project • Lead scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer. • The General in charge Leslie Groves.

19. Japan is Defeated • Truman faced the moral & ethical decision of using the bomb. • Why?

20. Atomic Bomb Ends the War in the Pacific • Truman decides to use the bomb to save American lives. • August 6, 1945 – An atom bomb is dropped on Hiroshima, killing or wounding 60,000 people. • August 9, 1945 – Bomb is dropped on Nagasaki, 35,000 casualties AND the Soviets declared war on Japan & invaded Manchuria.

21. Japan is Defeated • Emperor Hirohito finally made the decision to surrender. • On August 15, 1945, the Allies celebrated V-J Day (victory over Japan). • As many as 60,000,000 people, mostly civilians, died in World War II. • The most costly war in history was over.

22. Building a New World • United Nations: World peacekeeping organization after WWII. • Nuremburg Trials: Nazi officials put on trial for war crimes (atrocities during Holocaust). • Many are found guilty and hung and other are imprisoned for life.

23. Germany’s Defeat • More than 11,000 planes tried to soften German defenses. • Paratroopers, including the famous Screaming Eagles of the 101st Airborne Division, parachuted behind German lines and attempted to knock out key defenses. • Total Allied casualties for Operation Overlord are estimated at 10,000.

24. Driving the Japanese Back • American Strategy in the Pacific: Island hopping closer to Japan and retake the Philippines. • Fall, 1943: Island Hopping- Under command of Admiral Chester Nimitz-invade a Japanese held island, take it, and move on to the following one getting closer to Japan (p.760.) • First Tarawa, then Marshall Islands and Mariana Islands (Guam.) • Captured Marshall and Mariana Islands by Aug. 1944.

25. Driving the Japanese Back • Gen. MacArthur led invasion of Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands) in Aug.1942-early 1944. • Americans take Guadalcanal. • Rather than surrender, Japanese troops often killed themselves. • Over 3,000 Kamikaze (“divine wind”) pilots crashed planes into American ships at Battle of Leyte Gulf in Philippines (700 ships, 160,000 troops.) • Douglas MacArthur and the American Army retook the Philippines, killing over 80,000 Japanese.