Stereotypes - A Brief History

1. Stereotypes -A Brief History Dramatic Decrease in Expression of Stereotypes Katz & Braly (1933) and replications Survey Results Despite this evidence subtler forms of stereotyping still evident Sagar & Schofield - Pencil poking study Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974) - interview study Darley & Gross (1983) - SES and performance Rogers & Prentice-Dunn - Insult study Dovidio & Gaertner�s Aversive Racism Explanation Helping Study Inadmissable Evidence Study

2. Stereotypes of Blacks in Four Generations 1933 1951 1967 1982 Superstitious 84% 41% 13% 6% Lazy 75% 31% 26% 13% Ignorant 38% 24% 11% 10% Happy-go-lucky 38% 17% 27% 15% Musical 26% 33% 47% 29% Ostentatious 26% 11% 25% 5% Very Religious 24% 17% 8% 23% Stupid 22% 10% 4% 1%

3. Stereotypes of Jews in Three Generations 1933 1951 1967 Shrewd 79% 47% 30% Mercenary 49% 28% 15% Industrious 48% 29% 33% Grasping 34% 17% 17% Intelligent 29% 37% 37% Ambitious 21% 28% 48%

4. Survey Results Indicating Prejudice

5. Rogers & Prentice-Dunn (1981)

8. Recent Models Devine (1989) - The argument Study 1 - everyone knows the stereotype Study 2 - everyone automatically activates the stereotype Study 3 - low prejudice people but not high prejudice people control the application of the stereotype Does everyone automatically activate the stereotype? Lepore & Brown (1997) - category does not automatically activate the stereotype for all people Fazio et al. (1995) - there are reliable difference in how people automatically activate the stereotype

9. Stereotype Activation Do people automatically activate stereotypes? It depends on what you mean by automatic; without awareness yes; without intention, yes; without effort, no Gilbert & Hixon (1991) Spencer, Fein, Wolfe, Fong, & Hodgson (1998); Study 2 It depends on people�s motivation - when motivated to stereotype effort is not needed either Spencer, Fein, Wolfe, Fong, & Hodgson (1998); Studies 1 & 3

10. Gilbert & Hixon

12. Stereotype Inhibition Activation of another stereotype can lead to stereotype inhibition Macrae, Bodenhausen, & Milne (1995) When motivated to inhibit stereotypes they are inhibited Sinclair & Kunda (1998)

13. Stereotype Application Can people control their use of stereotypes - this is actually trickier than you might think Macrae, Bodenhausen, Milne, & Jetten (1994) - stereotypes on the rebound Motivated application of stereotypes Fein & Spencer (1997) Study 1 - self-affirmation and stereotype application Study 2 - negative feedback and stereotype application Study 3 - feeling better about yourself after stereotyping

14. Fein & Spencer (1997) - Study 1

15. Fein & Spencer (1997) - Study 2

17. Fein & Spencer (1997) - Study 3 Self-Esteem Change

18. The Target�s Perspective -Attributional Ambiguity Stigma and Self-Esteem The findings The explanations Attributions to prejudice Disengagement Within group comparisons Crocker, Voelkl, Testa, & Major (1991) - Blinds up/Blinds down study Major, Spencer, Schmader, Wolfe, & Crocker (1997) - Priming bias leads to disengagement

20. Target�s Perspective -Stereotype Threat What is stereotype threat? Its relation to academic performance Steele & Aronson (1995) Study 1 - the effects of test diagnosticity Study 2 - relation to stereotype activation and avoidance Study 3 - the effect of the subtle priming of race Spencer, Steele, & Quinn (1998) - stereotype threat and women�s math performance Stereotypic commericals and women�s math performance Steele, Spencer, Hummel, Schoem, & Nisbett (1998) - stereotype threat in the real world

22. Steele & Aronson (1995) -Study 1

23. Steele & Aronson (1995) -Study 2

24. Steele & Aronson (1995) -Study 2

25. Steele & Aronson (1995) -Study 3

26. Spencer, et al. (in preparation)

27. Steele, et al. (1998)

28. Changing Stereotypes The Contact hypothesis The evidence is now in that it works Factors that make it work better between group friendships are particularly important endorsement of integration by authorities no inter-group competition equal status among students The Robber�s Cave Studies Jigsaw Classroom and Superordinate Goals Subtyping as a limit on the effectiveness of contact Kunda & Oleson (1995) - using information to subtype Kunda & Oleson (1997) - extreme people get subtyped