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GENERAL TOXICOLOGY

GENERAL TOXICOLOGY. GENERAL TOXICOLOGY. CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES METAL TOXICITY CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY. CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY. ABSORPTION & DISTRIBUTION BIOCHEMISTRY OF TOXICITY.

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GENERAL TOXICOLOGY

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  1. GENERAL TOXICOLOGY

  2. GENERAL TOXICOLOGY • CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY • SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS • TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION • GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES • METAL TOXICITY • CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

  3. CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY • ABSORPTION & DISTRIBUTION • BIOCHEMISTRY OF TOXICITY

  4. CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY • ADSORPTION • DIFFUSION • LIPID/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT • CONCENTRATION INSIDE & OUTSIDE THE CELL

  5. CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY • ADSORPTION • SPECIALIZED TRANSPORT • ACTIVE TRANSPORT • FACILITATED DIFFUSION • MEMBRANE PROCESSES • PHAGOCYTOSIS • PINOCYTOSIS

  6. CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY • ADSORPTION • SKIN • DMSO • CCL4 • PARATHION/MALATHION • SARIN (POTENT NERVE GAS)

  7. CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY • ADSORPTION • LUNGS • PARTICULATES • VOLATILE GASES • VOLATILE ORGANICS

  8. CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY • DISTRIBUTION • CELL TO CELL • ORGAN TO ORGAN • MOVEMENT INTO TOTAL BODY WATER • PLASMA WATER • INTERSTITIAL WATER • INTRACELLULAR WATER

  9. CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY • BIOCHEMISTRY OF TOXICITY • REACTION TYPES • OXIDATION • REDUCTION • HYDROLYSIS • CONJUGATION

  10. CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY • OXIDATION • OXYGEN IS INCORPORATED INTO THE SUBSTRATE

  11. CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY • REDUCTION • THE ADDITION OF ELECTRONS TO THE COMPOUND UNDERGOING REDUCTION

  12. CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY • HYDROLYSIS • THE ENZYMATIC CLEAVAGE OF BONDS BY WATER • ADDITION OF HYDROGEN

  13. CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY • CONJUGATION • USUALLY LAST STEP IN METABOLIC TRANSFORMATION • USUALLY GENERATE NON-TOXIC PRODUCTS OF HIGH POLARITY • RAPID EXCRETION

  14. CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY • CONJUGATION • GLUCURONYL TRANSFER • ACETYLATION • SULFATION • GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATION

  15. SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS • FACTORS CONTROLLING TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY • DERMATOTOXICOLOGY • NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS (KIDNEYS) • HEPATOTOXIC AGENTS (LIVER)

  16. SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS • FACTORS CONTROLLING TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY • ROUTE OF EXPOSURE • DISTRIBUTION IN THE BODY • METABOLISM • EXCRETION • SENSITIZATION

  17. SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS • DERMATOTOXICOLOGY • TOXIC DAMAGE (SKIN) • PRIMARY IRRITATION • ABSOLUTE IRRITANTS • RELATIVE IRRITANTS

  18. SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS • DERMATOTOXICOLOGY • TOXIC DAMAGE (SKIN) • SUNLIGHT-ASSOCIATED TOXICITIES • PHOTO ALLERGY • PHOTOTOXICITY

  19. SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS • DERMATOTOXICOLOGY • TOXIC DAMAGE (EYE) • CORNEA • LENS - CATARACT (DINITROPHENOL) • RETINA • OPTIC NERVE - BLINDNESS (CS2 , METHANOL)

  20. SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS • NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS (KIDNEYS) • HEAVY METALS MERCURY LEAD CADMIUM BISMUTH URANIUM ARSENIC

  21. SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS • NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS (KIDNEYS) • MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS ETHYLENE GLYCOL CARBON TETRACHLORIDE KEROSENE

  22. SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS • HEPATOTOXIC AGENTS (LIVER) • TOXICITY ASSOCIATED WITH LIPID SOLUBLE AGENTS • DIRECT LIVER INJURY • ALCOHOLIC TYPE • TOXIC METABOLITE • CHRONIC HEPATOTOXICITY

  23. SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS • HEPATOTOXIC AGENTS (LIVER) • HEPATIC CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS VINYL CHLORIDE ARSENIC PHENOBARBITAL BUTTER YELLOW TRICHLOROETHYLENE DIOXANE AFLATOXIN NITROSAMINES POLYHALOGENATED POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS

  24. TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION • INTERACTIONS OF IONIZING RADIATION WITH MATTER • EFFECTS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

  25. TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION • INTERACTIONS OF IONIZING RADIATION WITH MATTER • INDIRECTLY IONIZING (PHOTONS) • X-RAYS • GAMMA RAYS • NEUTRONS • NEUTRAL MESONS

  26. TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION • INTERACTIONS OF IONIZING RADIATION WITH MATTER • DIRECTLY IONIZING (CORPUSCULAR) • POSITRONS • ALPHA PARTICLES • BETA PARTICLES • CHARGED MESONS • ACCELERATOR PARTICLES • FISSION FRAGMENTS

  27. TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION • EFFECTS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS • ACUTE RESPONSE • SKIN • GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM • HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM • CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SYNDROME

  28. TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION • EFFECTS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS • LOW LEVEL RESPONSE • RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS • 5 REM (ROENTGEN EQUIVALENT MAN)

  29. GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES • CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES • ORGANOPHOSPHATE & CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES • HERBICIDES • PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES

  30. GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES • CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES • LIPID SOLUBLE • BIO-ACCUMULATION • MANY ARE CARCINOGENIC • ALDRIN • DIELDRIN

  31. GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES • ORGANOPHOSPHATE & CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES • CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS • ATROPINE • PRALIDOXIME (2-PAM) • DELAYED NEUROPATHY • TRI-ORTHO-CRESYL PHOSPHATE (TOCP)

  32. GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES • HERBICIDES • GREATEST TOTAL VOLUME OF PRODUCTION • KILL PLANTS OR INHIBIT PLANT GROWTH • AMINOTRIAZOLE • 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID (2,4-D)

  33. GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES • PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES • NATURAL & SYNTHETIC ANALOGUES • POTENTIAL NEUROTOXICANTS • FAIRLY LARGE DOSES REQUIRED • RELATIVELY SAFE INSECTICIDES

  34. METAL TOXICITY • GENERAL FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXICITY • TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS

  35. METAL TOXICITY • ALKALINE EARTH METALS • Na, K, Ca, Fe • ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS • Zn, Mg, Cu, Ni, Mn, Co, Cr, I, Me, Se

  36. METAL TOXICITY • GENERAL FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXICITY • MOLECULAR SITE OF ACTION • ABSORPTION • ORGAN SELECTIVITY

  37. METAL TOXICITY • GENERAL FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXICITY • SOLUBILITY • ELECTROCHEMICAL NATURE • ABILITY TO FORM STABLE LIGANDS OR CHELATES

  38. METAL TOXICITY • TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS • GROUP IA (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) • ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS • EXCESSIVE INTAKE CAN INDUCE TOXICITY

  39. METAL TOXICITY • TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS • GROUP IB (Cu, Ag, Au) • BASICALLY NON-TOXIC

  40. METAL TOXICITY • TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS • GROUP IIA (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) • BASICALLY NON-TOXIC • BERYLLIUM CAUSES LUNG FIBROSIS

  41. METAL TOXICITY • TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS • GROUP IIB (Zn, Cd, Hg) • FORM STRONG COVALENT BONDS - AFFINITY FOR THIOL BONDS • MERCURY & CADMIUM HAVE CUMULATIVE EFFECT

  42. METAL TOXICITY • TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS • GROUP IIIA (Al, In, Tl) • RARELY CAUSE INTOXICATION DUE TO LIMITED USAGE • DAMAGE INVOLVES KIDNEY & LIVER NECROSIS AND SEVERE BRAIN DAMAGE

  43. METAL TOXICITY • TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS • GROUP IIIB (Sc, Y, and LANTHANIDES) • LOW SOLUBILITY AND RARITY OF EXPOSURE • THORIUM IS AN EXCEPTION DUE TO RADIOACTIVITY

  44. METAL TOXICITY • TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS • GROUP IVA (Ge, Sn, Pb) • GERMANIUM & TIN ARE OF LOW SOLUBILITY AND TOXICITY • ORGANIC FORMS CAUSE NEUROTOXICITY • LEAD - INORGANIC & ORGANIC FORMS HIGHLY TOXIC

  45. METAL TOXICITY • TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS • GROUP IVB (Ti, Zr, Hf) • LOW SOLUBILITY AND TOXICITY • ZIRCONIUM PRODUCES HYPER-SENSITIVITY IN SKIN & LUNG • DEODORANTS • HAIR SPRAYS

  46. METAL TOXICITY • TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS • GROUP V (ARSENIC [As]) • EXPOSURE MAINLY IN MANUFACTURING • WEED KILLERS • WOOD PERSERVATIVES • INSECTICIDES

  47. METAL TOXICITY • TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS • GROUP V (ARSENIC [As]) • As2O5 BROKEN DOWN TO As2O3 (MORE TOXIC FORM) • PROGRESSIVE NEUROPATHY, ANEMIA AND ULCERATION OF NASAL SEPTUM • CANCER OF SKIN, LUNG AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

  48. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

  49. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY TEMPERATURE INCREASEDDECREASED AMPHETAMINES ALCOHOLS COCAINE BARBITURATES BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS CLONIDINE FLUOROACETATE GLUTETHIMIDE HEXACHLOROBENZENE HALOPERIDOL SALICYLATES PHENOTHIAZINES TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS

  50. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY PULSE BRADYCARDIAARRHYTHMIAS ALCOHOLS ARSENIC CARBAMATES CAFFEINE ORGANOPHOSPHATES SOLVENTS

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