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Explore the evolution of environmental issues, rules guiding policies, policy tools, and outlook on sustainability. Learn about impact assessment, eco-efficiency tools, and the balance between economic growth and the environment. Examine systems of environmental regulation, environmental institutions, and the concept of sustainability. Delve into the complexities of sustainability, including social constructs and ecological constraints. Understand environmental politics, policies, and the pursuit of sustainability.
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Johdatus ympäristöpolitiikkaan – Introduction to environmentalpolicy Janne I. Hukkinen, ympäristöpolitiikan professori Valtiotieteellinen tdk Bio- ja ympäristötieteellinen tdk Maatalous-metsätieteellinen tdk, Helsingin yliopisto janne.i.hukkinen@helsinki.fi
Outline • Background to environmental policy • What is environmental policy? • Evolution of environmental issues • What is sustainability? • Rules that guide environmental policy • Environmental institutions • Systems of environmental regulation • Environmental policy tools • Impact assessment and life cycle analysis • Eco-efficiency tools • Outlook on sustainability • Economic growth and the environment
What is environmentalpolicy? • Environmentalpolitics: The art of conductingpublicenvironmentalaffairs • Environmentalpolicy: Planorcourse of action with which an organizationpursuessustainabilitybytransformingitself, itsoperationsoritsenvironment • Environmentalpolity: A particularorganizational and institutionalframeworkpursuing a specificenvironmentalpolicy
Evolution of environmental issues (www.earthportal.org/forum/?cat=28; janne hukkinen; www.solcomhouse.com/nuclear.htm; www.ew.govt.nz/enviroinfo/air/climatechange.htm)
What is sustainability? Raise or lower water level in lake?
What is sustainability? Sustainability is a set of preferred pathways of development • socially constructed by people: Different social groups hold well-reasoned but different views of sustainability—difficult to choose ‘correct’ or ‘optimal’ • objectively constrained by ecology: Ecosystem may have several locally stable, ecologically sustainable states • Which path to choose? Deliberate!
Outline • Background to environmental policy • Rules that guide environmental policy • Environmental institutions • Systems of environmental regulation • Environmental policy tools • Outlook on sustainability
Rules that guide environmental policy: environmental institutions
Systems of environmental regulation • command and control • agreements • economic instruments • Taxes • Tradeable pollution permits • organizational reform
Command and control technological performance standards effluent standards ambient standards
Economic instruments Technosystem Ecosystem
Outline • Background to environmental policy • Rules that guide environmental policy • Environmental policy tools • Impact assessment and life cycle analysis • Eco-efficiency tools • Outlook on sustainability
Environmental policy tools: Impact assessment • Analytical framework to minimize potential adverse social and ecological impacts of new developments at the planning, design, and development stage • Difference between social and ecological impact assessment: • revealing possibility of social impact will alter social behavior • no such link between ecosystem impact and ecosystem behavior
Environmental policy tools: Impact assessment (Leopold matrix) Mij = Effect: magnitude of impact i caused by activity j (-10…10) Iij = Significance: importance of impact i caused by activity j (1…10)
ECOSOCIAL IMPACTS energy energy extract Life cycle analysis matter matter transport manufacture distribute use dispose ECOSOCIAL IMPACTS
Indicators of eco-efficiency • eco-efficiency, material efficiency (service/material intensity) • MIPS (material intensity/service) • ecological rucksack (weight of natural resources used to produce product) • ecological footprint (land area required to produce product) • In all indicators life cycle analysis used as analytical tool • Challenge: Rebound effect
Outline • Background to environmental policy • Rules that guide environmental policy • Environmental policy tools • Outlook on sustainability • Economic growth and the environment
Ehrlich and Holdren: I=PAT, where Impact (kg), Population (cap), Affluence (eur/cap), Technology (kg/eur) (NOTE: this is MIPS) CO2 goal: Stabilize I in 40 yrs What does it look like out there? Affluence (1960-2008) Population (1800-2100) Technology MIPS (1980-2006)
What does it look like out there? • Trend of past 40 yrs: • P up, • A up, • T only modestly down • Prognosis for next 40 yrs: • P up • A up • T down radically? • Need to take degrowth (A down) seriously!
Degrowthwillhappen, wantitornot – therefore:(Jackson 2009; Latouche 2007; Hukkinen 2010) • Absolutelimits to use of naturalresources and ecosystemservices • Investment in greeninfrastructure and work • Limits on drivers of consumption (advertising, bankloans) • Development of indicators for GDP, well-being and happiness • Worksharing and limiting • Advancingsocio-economicequality (min and maxwages) • Non-profitorganizationalexperiments • North-Southequalization • Ecologicaltaxreform • Macro-economics for the reality of absoluteecosystemlimits
Lukupaketti • Hukkinen, J.I. (2012) Sietämätön kohtuutalous. Elämää velaksi vai luonnonvaratalouden nousu? in P. Borg (ed.) Polkuja metsään. Helsinki: Into Kustannus, pp. 213-219. • Hukkinen, J.I. (2011) Ihmiskunnan pelastaminen on jokaisen vastuulla, in P. Harju-Autti, A. Neuvonen, L. Hakkarainen (eds) Ympäristötietoisuus—suomalaiset 2010-lukua tekemässä. Helsinki: Ympäristöministeriö ja Rakennustieto, pp. 20-29. • Hukkinen, J. (2004) Läsnäolo luonnonvarojen kestävän käytön edellytyksenä, in J. Heinonen, G. von Hertzen, O. Kuusi (eds) Nyt on ennen huomista—tutkielmia läsnäolosta. Saarijärvi: Gummerus, Ekosäätiö ja Syöpäsäätiö, pp. 157-174.
