1. Ethical Issues

3. Concept of Ethics • The study of the rightness of conduct. • Deals with one’s responsibilities (duties and obligations). • Ethical persons put their beliefs into action.

4. Concept of Ethics • The term morals is often mistakenly used when ethics is intended. • Moralityis behavior that usually reflects personal or religious beliefs. • Ethics is rooted in the legal system.

5. Relationship Between Legal and Ethical Concepts • There is a connection between acts that are legal and acts that are ethical. • The legal system judges action rather than intention. • Ethical opinions reflect individual differences. • Laws change according to social and political influences.

6. Ethics in Health Care • Bioethics is theapplication of ethical principles to health care. • Ethics affects every area of health care. • Ethics helps provide structure by raising questions that ultimately lead to answers.

7. Code Gray: Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing

8. Intentions & Results

9. Empathy & Reason

10. Acting, Being & Predicting

11. Ethical Traditions

12. Ethical Reasoning

13. Deontology vs Consequences

14. Principles vs Predictions

15. Teleology vs Consequences

16. Proactive vs Predicting

17. Ethical Presumption

18. Philosophical Arguments

19. ANA* Ethics Code - Deontological Arguments

20. ANA Ethics Code - Teleological Arguments

21. ANA Ethics Code - Consequential Arguments

22. ANA Code: Summary

23. EVALUATION IMPLEMENTATION PLANNING ANALYSIS AND DIAGNOSIS ASSESSMENT Assessing the outcome of moral actions; “Were the actions ethical?” “What were the consequences?” Carrying out selected moral actions Consideration of priorities of claims; Generation of alternatives for resolving the dilemma; Consideration of the consequences of alternatives Problem identification: Statement of the ethical dilemma Determination of claims and parties Ethical Decision-Making Model

24. Ethical Theories • Teleology • The value of a situation is determined by its consequences. • Principle of utility states that an act must result in the greatest good for the greatest number. • “Good” refers to positive benefit.

25. Ethical Theories • Deontology • The intrinsic significance of the act itself is the criterion for determination of good. • Concept of categorical imperative states that actions should be based on a principle that is universal. • The person should never be treated as a means to an end.

26. Ethical Principles • Autonomy • The belief that every competent person has the right to determine his or her own course of action.

27. Autonomy

28. Ethical Principles • Nonmaleficence • Duty to cause no harm to others • Physiological, psychological, social, spiritual • Helps guide decisions about treatment approaches

30. Ethical Principles • Beneficence • Duty to promote good and to prevent harm • Providing benefit • Balancing benefits and harm