La politica commerciale dell’UE Sandra Gallina Commissione europea - DG TRADE 18 giugno 2010

1. La politica commerciale dell’UESandra GallinaCommissione europea - DG TRADE18 giugno 2010

2. 19% del commercio* mondiale di merci e servizi • 17,1% merci* • 26,1% servizi* Prima potenza commerciale Primo importatore Primo esportatore L’UE nel mondo * Le percentuali si riferiscono a importazioni+esportazioni

3. Totale mondialeImportazioni Esportazioni

4. Sommario • Aspetti interni - Competenze e rappresentanza internazionale • Aspetti esterni - Relazioni con i paesi terzi • Politica doganale • Politica commerciale

5. Trattato di Roma Unicità della costruzione europea: Trasferimento alla Comunità europea delle competenze nazionali “Principio della competenza d’attribuzione” Diritto comunitario organizzato per materia Nell’ambito della politica commerciale* la rappresentanza degli interessi comunitari spetta alla Commissione europea (Tutte le questioni di competenza comunitaria eccetto affari economici e finanziari) * Artt. 110 a 116 del Trattato di Roma ripresi negli Artt.131 a 135 del Trattato d’Amsterdam.

6. Trattato di Maastricht • Soltanto la Comunità europea • Possiede personalità giuridica • Parte contraente accordi • Membro d’organizzazioni • L’UNIONE EUROPEA è il quadro istituzionale dei “tre pilastri” introdotti dal Trattato di Maastricht e non ha personalità giuridica • Per il II pilastro PESC ed il III pilastro JAI, • l’UE è rappresentata dalla Presidenza del Consiglio

7. Trattato di Nizza • “parallelismo” • Allineamento del processo decisionale e maggioranza necessaria per i risultati dei negoziati a quanto richiesto dal processo decisionale applicato internamente all’Unione. • Non c’è “parallelismo” per la consultazione del PE • Esempio: • Accordi sui servizi e/oTRIPs = maggioranza qualificata (Mercato Interno) • Accordi che includono fiscalità = unanimità • (Art. 300 § 5 sugli accodi internazionali)

8. Trattato di Lisbona • Personalità giuridica all’UE (Art. 47) • Inclusione degli investimenti nell’ambito di competenza comunitaria • Estensione del voto a maggioranza • Inclusione del PE a pieno titolo nel processo decisionale alla stregua del Consiglio.

9. Rappresentanza internazionale • Assenza di disposizioni nel Trattato di Roma • Art. 228 §1 del Trattato: Commissione conduce i negoziati internazionali • Art. 229: Commissione assicura legami con le Organizzazioni internazionali (GATT) • Modello 133 • Commissione raccomanda direttive di negoziato • Consiglio autorizza • Commissione conduce negoziati e sigla risultati • Consiglio firma conclude e/o ratifica • PE • consultato con un parere semplice • oppure parere conforme e favorevole (veto) ad es. per accordi d’associazione

10. Competenza “Mixité” “Competenza condivisa” Diversi gradi d’integrazione europea Pratica OMC accordi misti (GATS o TRIPS) Posizione congiunta su proposta della Commissione = de facto unanimità del Consiglio Modello composizione delle dispute

11. Competenza e Delegazioni esterne Modello “composizione delle dispute” Adattamento del modello OMC/controversie ai casi di frizione tra uno Stato Membro ed un paese terzo “Unità di rappresentanza”

12. Relazioni con i paesi terzi • Al centro della politica di “relazioni esterne” dell’Unione vi sono: • La politica doganale • La politica commerciale comune

13. Politica doganale • 1 luglio 1968: Creazione dell’Unione doganale • Territorio doganale • tariffa doganale esterna comune (Common External Tariff – Tarif douanier extérieur/commun – Regolamento (CEE) n. 2658/87 del Consiglio del 23 luglio 1987, relativo alla nomenclatura tariffaria e statistica e alla tariffa doganale comune • Definizione comune dell’origine delle merci (Reg. del Consiglio 802/68 CEE) • Codice doganale (Reg. del Consiglio 2913/92 CEE), Regolamento (CE) n. 450/2008 del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio, del 23 aprile 2008, che istituisce il codice doganale comunitario (Codice doganale aggiornato)

14. Politica doganale • La tariffa doganale comune (TDC) si fonda su: • Nomencaltura Combinata • TARIC (Tarif intégré des Communautés européennes) • Sistema armonizzato (Harmonized System o Système harmonisé= HS) • Modifiche alla TDC: • Modifiche o sospensioni autonome • Negoziati in base all’Articolo 133 • Regimi preferenziali, preferenze generalizzate e contingenti tariffari

15. Politica commerciale Basi negli Articoli 131 a 134 del Trattato CE Articolo 131 Con l'instaurare un’unione doganale fra loro, gli Stati membri intendono contribuire, secondo l'interesse comune, allo sviluppo armonico del commercio mondiale, alla graduale soppressione delle restrizioni agli scambi internazionali ed alla riduzione delle barriere doganali. La politica commerciale comune tiene conto dell'incidenza favorevole che la soppressione dei dazi fra gli Stati membri può esercitare sullo sviluppo delle capacità di concorrenza delle imprese di tali Stati.

16. Politica commerciale Regolamento (CEE) n. 2603/69 del Consiglio, del 20 dicembre 1969, relativo all'instaurazione di un regime comune applicabile alle esportazioni [Gazzetta ufficiale L 324 del 27.12.1969]. Modificato dagli atti seguenti: Regolamento (CEE) n. 2604/69 del Consiglio, del 20 dicembre 1969 [GU L 324 del 27.12.1969]; Regolamento (CE) n. 3285/94 del Consiglio, del 22 dicembre 1994, relativo al regime comune applicabile alle importazioni e che abroga il regolamento (CE) n. 518/94.

17. Politica commerciale Regolamento (CE) n. 384/96 del Consiglio, del 22 dicembre 1995, relativo alla difesa contro le importazioni oggetto di dumping da parte di paesi non membri della Comunità europea. Regolamento (CE) n. 2026/97 del Consiglio, del 6 ottobre 1997, relativo alla difesa contro le importazioni oggetto di sovvenzioni provenienti da paesi non membri della Comunità europea.

18. Politica commerciale • Accordi commerciali • Accordi Commerciali bilaterali • Accordi di libero scambio • Accordi d’autolimitazione dell’esportazioni • Accordi d’associazione • Accordi di cooperazione • Accordi commerciali multilaterali (OMC, Doha Development Agenda)

19. Bilateral/ Regional Multilateral Unilateral EU Trade policy: features 3 DIMENSIONS

20. Multilateral • Includingthe promotion of EU values : • Environmental concerns • Food safety • Cultural diversity • … and how to promote core labour standards ? EU Trade policy: features Mostly implemented in the framework of the WTO aiming at promoting market access with rules, in the context of effective global governance.

21. Multilateral/Bilateral EU Trade policy: features • EU values fit the new agenda of “TRADE AND…” • …Environment • …Labour

22. Bilateral/regional EU Trade policy: features The EU concludes bilateral agreements with third countries and regional areas. 121 countries potentially linked to the EU by regional trade agreements, many negotiated in the 1990s. • EU policy rationale for bilateral agreements • Trade expansion and rules-making (WTO+) • Fostering development and... • … promoting regional development • Key EU bilateral agreements include: • Economic Partnership Agreements in negotiation with ACP countries (Cotonou) • Free Trade Agreements with EFTA, EEA, Euromed, Mercosur (in negotiation), Mexico, South Africa... • Customs Unions with Turkey, Andorra and San Marino • Partnership and Cooperation Agreements with Russia and Ukraine

23. Unilateral EU Trade policy: features The EU implements unilateral measures as an additional trade policy instrument in the interests of development and/or political stability in line with the Union’s key political priorities: General System of Preferences (GSP): the classic instrument for fostering development is by granting tariff preferences. Grants products imported from GSP beneficiary countries either duty-free access or a tariff reduction. “Everything But Arms” initiative (EBA): a special GSP arrangement for the least developed countries. Grants duty-free access to imports of all products from LDCs without any quantitative restrictions (except to arms and munitions). Asymmetrical preferences e.g. for the Balkans and Moldova, with the aim of ensuring peace, stability, freedom and economic prosperity in the region.

24. EU Trade policy: features • Key Facts on GSP: • 178 developing countries and territories are beneficiaries of the EU’s GSP. • In 2003, EU imports benefiting from GSP preferences amounted to €50 billion. Bangladesh leading beneficiary country followed by China, Pakistan, Brazil, Malaysia and India • The 49 Least Developed Countries (EBA - "Everything But Arms") benefit from duty-free and quota–free access for practically all exports of originating products to the EU for an unlimited period of time.

25. New GSP system 2006-2015 : simplifies graduation • mechanism and reduces the system to 3 schemes • General scheme: increase of product coverage from 6900 to 7200 (mainly agriculture and fishery sector of interest for developing countries). • Special scheme for Least Developed Countries: Everything But Arms. • New special GSP+ for vulnerable countries = duty free on 7200 products if the country meets criteria : • Ratification and implementation of 27 key international conventions • Few benefits under the GSP • A poorly diversified economy. EU Trade policy: features

26. The EU Policy: How it works

27. Historic development … to “behind the border” issues EU Trade policy - How it works From tariffs and quotas... The new shape of trade policy Developed from trade liberalisation in goods… … to services and rules on investment, intellectual property, public procurement Evolution reflected in the Treaty of Nice (2001) Extended the EU trade competence to services and commercial aspects of intellectual property rights with qualified majority voting

28. How it works NOW Articles 131 and 133 explain the way the common commercial policy shall operate in principle – “to contribute, in the common interest, to the harmonious development of world trade, the progressive abolition of restrictions on international trade and the lowering of customs barriers”, instruments and scope.” Article 133 sets out the scope, instruments and decision-making procedures. Article 300 establishes the current inter-institutional procedure for concluding international agreements – principally by the Council, not legally obliged to consult the European Parliament on trade agreements, but consultations do, however, take place. EU Trade policy - How it works The EC Treatyestablishes the overall aims and objectives of EU trade policy: Article 2 sets the general aims – including to promote the development of economic activities, high employment and competitiveness, and environmental protection.

29. How it works NOW EU Trade policy - How it works Article 133 of the EC Treaty provides in more detail for the common commercial policy • Rests on: • Shared, uniform concept of policy • A decision-making process based on a mixture of ‘exclusive and shared competences’ • Comprises: • Trade in goods, services and trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights • Special provisions for specific fields (e.g. audiovisual, cultural, educational, social and health services)

30. How it worked • The Commission is the negotiator • On behalf of the 27 Member States • The Council is the decision maker • Mandate = determined by the Council on the basis of a Commission proposal • The Commission negotiates on the basis of this mandate • The Council approves the result of the negotiation (generally by qualified majority) • The European Parliament • Is informed by the Commission of trade policy developments • Gives “assent” on major treaty ratifications (covering more than trade) EU Trade policy - How it works The negotiating process

31. EP to be informed of negotiations like Member States Further extension of qualified majority voting for trade agreements To extend the scope of trade policy to all foreign direct investment PROPOSALS IN THE EU CONSTITUTION To increase parliamentary control: co-decision for all autonomous acts of legislative nature, assent for major trade agreements EU Trade policy - How it works

32. The trade defence instruments EU Trade policy - How it works “Defensive” instruments to ensure fair trade and defend the interests of European companies… ... have been designed in line with specific WTO agreements recognising the right of members to counter unfair practices: Anti-dumping measures created to counter dumping practices, the most frequently encountered trade-distorting practices. Dumping occurs when manufacturers from a non-EU country sell goods in the EU below the sales price in their domestic market, or below the cost of production. Anti-subsidy measures designed to combat subsidies, which are made available to manufacturers by public authorities and which can also distort trade when they help to reduce production costs or cut the prices of exports to the EU unfairly. Safeguards: A WTO member may restrict imports of a product temporarily if its domestic industry is seriously injured or threatened with injury caused by a surge in imports.

33. The WTO Context

34. Trade Pillar WTO 1 state/ 1 vote EU, member key actor Financial Pillar Bretton Woods, IFIs + BIS 1 dollar/ 1 vote EU indirect role (MS on the board) Normative Pillar ILO, MEAs, WHO, FAO, Codex Alimentarius ITU, WIPO... 1 state/ 1 vote EU member, participant or observer EU Trade policy - WTO context Global governance & the role of the EU

35. The core of the multilateral rule-based system Unique forum for trade negotiations, rule setting, resolution of disagreements • Objectives • To boost international economic growth • To ensure business confidence • Core principles • No country may apply quantitative restrictions or similar measures • Non-discrimination - ‘Most Favoured Nation’ principle • National Treatment - no country may discriminate between its own products and imported products • Transparency - all rules affecting trade must be transparent; publication, notification, discussion, trade policy reviews Functioning Consensus = each country on an equal footing EU Trade policy - WTO context

36. EU Trade policy - WTO context • Membership • Quasi universal: 153 member countries • Covers 95% of world trade • Enforcement controlled by Dispute Settlement Mechanism • All WTO members can seek redress • Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) rulings are binding • DSB may authorise retaliation • Regulatory framework • Trade pillar of global governance • Rounds and agreements

37. A round of trade negotiations launched in 2001 • To pursue market opening • To strengthen rules, improve global governance • To integrate developing countries in world trade • A development round • Special and Differential Treatment • Addressing developing countries’ concerns • Aid for Trade • Special measures for LDCs Development - a key component of the WTO round EU Trade policy - WTO context The DohaDevelopment Agenda

38. Opening markets • Agricultural goods • Industrial goods • Services • EU seeks real new MA Development Sustainable development (to respond to concerns of developing countries and civil society) Regulatory framework Improving existing rules (e.g. anti-dumping, geographical indications) and creating new rules (e.g. “trade facilitation”) EU Trade policy - WTO context The 3 legs of the DDA