1. Organic Semiconductors: Electronic Properties and Optoelectronic Applications Hsiang-Han Tseng

2. Overview Organic Semiconductors Electronic Properties Fundamentals of Organic PV Cells Examples

3. Organic Semiconductors Polymers Small molecules Characteristics: highly conjugated system, such as aromatic, or conjugated π bonds Categories: according to their molecular weight, they can be classified as 1. small molecules or 2. polymers

4. Small Molecules • Examples: phthalocyanines (Pcs) and PTCDA. • In thin films, they form molecular crystals, and exhibit unique properties different from inorganic semiconductors, e.g. transport properties. S. Yim et al J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 91, No. 6, 3632, (2002)

5. Electronic Structure and Properties • Localisation – Inorganic: highly delocalised Bloch states moving in energy band – Organic: highly localised states on individual polymer chains or molecules • Exciton – Inorganic: Wannier – Organic: Frankel Wannier Charge-Transfer Frankel

6. Charge transport via hopping mechanism Marom et al. J. Chem. Phys. 128, 164107 2008

7. Advantages of Organic Materials • Organics are cheap • Versatile, which allow us to tune the optical properties • Fabrication on large scale is straightforward • Low cost • Save resources S. R. Forrest Nature, 428, 29, 911 (2004) Plastic Logic OLED Journal

8. Fundamentals of Organic PV Cells • Three key steps: 1. Light absorption and creation of excitons 2. Exciton migration and dissociation 3. Charge collection • J. Nelson, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci.6, 87-95 (2002)

9. Requirements for successful PV cells: 1. Price 2. Energy conversion • Approaches: 1. Novel materials 2. Note that morphology of the film plays a significant role in thin film devices – A trade off between exciton dissociation and mobility 3. Device architecture 4. Contact

10. Examples Y. Fang et al ,Nano.2,5 1002-32 (2008) Other carbon allotropies e.g. carbon nanotubes and graphene have been utilized S. Heutz et al, Sol. Energy. Mat. &Sol. Cells 83 (2004) 229–245 Bulk heterojunction of CuPc/C60 – the electronegative C60 functions as a good acceptor Z. Liu et al, Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 3924–3930

11. Conclusion • Low production cost, easy and straightforward fabrication make organic semiconductors as a good candidate for electronic and optoelectronic applications • Problems need to be solved – Lifetime, degradation, ability to absorb more sunlight

12. Thank you for your attention.