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Chapter 12 Elements and Their Properties

Chapter 12 Elements and Their Properties. Objectives. 12.1 Describe the properties of a typical metal 12.1 Identify the alkali and alkaline earth metals 12.1 Differentiate between three groups of transition elements. Minor Objectives.

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Chapter 12 Elements and Their Properties

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  1. Chapter 12 Elements and Their Properties

  2. Objectives • 12.1Describe the properties of a typical metal • 12.1 Identify the alkali and alkaline earth metals • 12.1 Differentiate between three groups of transition elements

  3. Minor Objectives • 12.2Distinguish among elements classified as lanthanides, actinides, and transuranium elements • 12.2 Determine the uses of transuranium elements • 12.2 Compare the pros and cons of making new elements

  4. Objectives • 12.3Recognize hydrogen as a nonmetal • 12.3 Compare and contrast properties of halogens • 12.3 Describe properties and uses of noble gases

  5. Objectives • 12.4Distinguish among metals, nonmetals, and metalloids • 12.4 Describe the nature of allotropes • 12.4 Recognize the significance of differences in crystal structure in carbon

  6. Metallic Bonding Name 4 Characteristics of a Metallic Bond. What is a Metallic Bond? - A metallic bond occurs in metals. A metal consists of positive ions surrounded by a “sea” of mobile electrons. • Good conductors of heat and electricity • Great strength • Malleable and Ductile • Luster This shows what a metallic bond might look like.

  7. Definition of Words • Malleable: Bendable, can be hammered to be thinner or rolled up in sheets • Ductile: Stretchable, can be pulled apart like laffy taffy • Luster: Reflects light, looks shiny

  8. Alkali Metals • First column (one word) • Highly Reactive, not found in nature by themselves • React with Water • Lose 1 Electron

  9. Alkaline Earth Metals • Second Column (Two words) • Some are found in nature by themselves (Top of column) such as Magnesium • Not as reactive as the Alkali Metals • Lose Two electrons • Calcium: Bones • Magnesium: Muscles (as well as bones)

  10. Transition Metals • Less reactive than other metals to left. • General Rule for metals is closer to bottom left, more reactive • Important sections include Iron Triad, Coinage Metals

  11. Iron Triad • Iron, Cobalt, Nickel • Only common metals known to create a magnetic field • Iron second most abundant element among metals in crust • Aluminum is first

  12. Coinage Metals • Copper, Silver, Gold • Very unreactive, which leads to be being able to be used as money • These also are the best conductors out of all the metals • Silver > Copper > Gold • Silver plays role also in photography

  13. Other notables • Zinc and Cadmium: Used to coat other metals for protection from rust (They do rust, but maintain good strength) • Mercury: Liquid metal at room temperature, poisonous

  14. Metals in the Crust • Oxygen 47% • Silicon 28% • Aluminum 8% • Iron 5% • Calcium 3.6% • Sodium 2.8% • Potassium 2.6% • Magnesium 2.1%

  15. 12 -2 Transuranium Elements • Uranium is largest atom that exists naturally (92 Protons) • Elements beyond Uranium are synthetic (made in laboratory) • Smash elements together at super speeds to collide and hopefully fuse • Is it worth it? They hope so, you may disagree.

  16. 12-3 Non-Metals • Properties of Non-Metals • Dull, Brittle, Powdery • Non-Metals alone tend to be gases at room temperature • Tightly Held Electrons • Can form ionic or covalent bonds

  17. Hydrogen • Most abundant element in universe (75 – 90%) depending on what you read • Number continues to drop… via fusion • A non-metal which tends to be fairly reactive (flammable, central to the role of acid/base) • Diatomic • Di means 2 atoms. Hydrogen Gas means 2 Hydrogens bound • Dr. HOFBrINCl (all of the diatomic)

  18. Halogens • “Salt Makers” • Have 7 valence electrons, exist diatomically • Very reactive (Flourine most) • Uses include: Etching glass, cleaning pools, keeping water safe, dyes (including lipstick), and warfare

  19. Noble Gases • Name comes from nobles not hanging out with the common folk. • Full outer shell. Inert (Unreactive) • Used in locations of high heat, light bulbs, blimps, storage of reactive elements

  20. Boron’s Column • Many are semiconductors (used by computers) • Aluminum is used all over the place (most abundant metal in crust) • Boron used in eyewash (boric acid) and water softeners

  21. Carbon Group • Carbon: Basis of organic life (the definition of organic – does it have carbon?) • Allotropes – Same element, different molecular structures • Carbon has many – graphite, diamond, fullerenes, coal • Silicon – Sand component • Lead – poisonous, used in ancient rome/paints

  22. Nitrogen’s Group • Nitrogen makes up 80% of atmosphere • Nitrogen – needed by plants (not in gas form, nitrates) as fertilizer • Phosphorus – Matches (as well as fertilizer) • Allotropes – Red and White matches

  23. Oxygen’s Group • Similar properties to halogens • Oxygen 20% of atmosphere • Allotropes – oxygen and ozone • Sulfur – Used in paints (pigments) and battery acid (Sulfuric acid)

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