1. Elements and Their Properties Test on Friday March 15

2. Metals • Gold was the first metal used (6000 years ago) followed by copper and silver. • Found on the periodic table to the left of the stair step.

3. Properties of Metals • Good conductors of heat and electricity • All but one (Mercury) is a solid at room temperature • Reflect light (luster) • Can be hammered into sheets (malleable) • Can be stretched into wires (ductile)

4. Bonding in Metals • The atoms of metals give up electrons to the atoms of nonmetals in ionic bonding. • Occurs when a metal bonds to a nonmetal. • Positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of electrons in metallic bonding. • The electrons in metallic bonding move freely between the atoms. • Occurs when a metal bonds to another metal.

5. Alkali Metals • Group 1 on Periodic Table • Have one electron in their outer energy level • Have properties of all metals • Softer than other metals • Most reactive • They are so reactive they don’t exist by themselves in nature, only bonded to something else. • Li is used to treat bipolar disorder • Used in batteries

6. Alkaline Earth Metals • Group 2 on the Periodic Table • Each AEM has two electrons in its outer energy level. • Very reactive • Mg is used in fireworks • Ca is a vitamin needed to stay healthy and develop strong bones • Ra is radioactive and used to treat cancers

7. Transition Elements • Groups 3 – 12 on the periodic table • Most familiar • Not very reactive • Can be found in nature • Iron, Cobalt, Nickel used to make steel and other alloys (mixture of metals) • Gold, silver and copper are known as the coinage metals because they are used to make coins.

8. Inner Transition Metals • The bottom two rows on the periodic table • Lanthanides • Elements 58 – 71 • Combine to produce the colors on tv screens • Actinides • Elements 90 – 103 • Radioactive and Unstable • Used in photography, nuclear reactors, and weapons

9. Metals in the Crust • Metals are found in the earth’s crust and must be mined and processed. • They are originally ores (combined with other elements) • They are refined to separate the metal from the rock • This normally involves heating until the metal melts. • This process can be very expensive

10. Metals Quiz • What does it mean to be malleable? • What does it mean to be ductile? • What is luster? • Where are the metals located on the periodic table? • What happens to the reactions of metals with water as you move down the periodic table?

11. Nonmetals • Usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature • Not malleable or ductile • Do not conduct electricity or heat • Not shiny • Located on the right hand side of the stair step (except for Hydrogen)

12. Nonmetal Bonding • Nonmetals bonding can be ionic • One atom loses its outer electrons so another atom can take them • Or covalent • Atoms share the outer electrons

13. Hydrogen • 90% of atoms in the universe are Hydrogen • Most of the hydrogen on earth is found in water • Hydrogen is a diatomic molecule • Two identical atoms bond together • You will never find H in nature, only H2 • Very reactive because it only has one electron • Normally that electron is lost to form H+

14. Halogens • Group 17 • Very reactive • Have 7 electrons in the outer energy level • Forms a salt when it reacts with a nonmetal • Used in pools, bleaches, toothpaste, and cosmetics • Iodine undergoes sublimation (changes from a solid to a gas without turning into a liquid)

15. Noble Gases • Group 18 • They have a full outer energy level • They are stable and no natural compounds exist naturally • Used in balloons and neon lights

16. Nonmetals Quiz • What does it mean to be a diatomic molecule? • How is H different from H+? • How are solid nonmetals different from solid metals? • What happens to the electrons in an ionic bond? • What happens to the electrons in a covalent bond?

17. Metalloids • Can form ionic and covalent bonds with metals and nonmetals • Have metallic and nonmetallic properties • Some can conduct electricity, but not very well • Sometimes called semiconductors • Located on the stair step on the periodic table • (Al is on the stair step, but is NOT a metalloid, Al is a metal)

18. Boron Group • Consists of Boron • Used in laundry soap and antiseptic • And Aluminum • Most abundant metal in the earth’s crust • Strong and light weight • Used in construction of buildings, cars and airplanes

19. Carbon Group • Consists of Carbon • Nonmetal • Silicon • Used as a semiconductor (element that conducts electricity only under certain conditions) for electronics • Most silicon is found in sand, rocks, and dirt • And Germanium • Used as a semiconductors

20. Allotropes • Allotropes are different forms of the same element. • Carbon has 8 allotropes