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Greenhouse Gases and Their Impact on Climate Change: A Comprehensive Analysis

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penha
10 diapositives · 246 Views · Sep 20, 2014

This document reviews critical concepts related to greenhouse gases, including methane, nitrous oxide, and CFCs, comparing their effects to CO2. It outlines the mechanisms of radiation trapping and the atmospheric lifetimes of these gases. Additionally, the text examines various chemical reactions involving hydroxyl radicals and the oxidation of sulfur compounds in the atmosphere. Finally, it discusses the limitations of climate models and historical trends attributed to global warming, while also addressing the political challenges surrounding international agreements on CO2 emissions.

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  1. Practice Test #2 – September 2005

  2. The trace greenhouse gases: methane, nitrous oxide, and CFCs will likely have a combined effect comparable to CO2 because of • (a) their absolute levels of emission • (b) their efficiency of radiation trapping • (c) their atmospheric lifetime • (d) all of these. • Answer (d) all of these • Which of the following species absorbs infrared radiation in the troposphere? • a. N2 b. O2 c. CO2 d. Ar • Answerc. CO2 • The oxidation state of sulfur (S) in SO42- is: • (a) +6 (b) +4 (c) +2 (d) 0 • Answer (a) +6

  3. Which of the following reactions is representative of hydroxyl free radical chemistry? • (a) CHCl3 + OH ---------> CHCl2OH + Cl • (b) CHCl3 + OH ----------> CHCl2 + HCl • (c) OH(g) + NO2(g)-------M-----> HNO3(g) • (d) CHCl3 + OH -----------> CH2OCl + Cl2 • Answer (c) OH(g) + NO2(g)-------M-----> HNO3(g) • Which of the following reactions is not necessary in the major route for the formation of the hydroxyl radical in the troposphere? • (a) NO2 ----hn,l < 400 nm----> NO + O • (b) O2 + NO2 -----------------> NO + O3 • (c) O3 -------hn,l < 320 nm---> O2* + O* • (d) O* + H2O ----------> 2 OH (where O* is an excited oxygen atom) • Answer (b) O2 + NO2 -----------------> NO + O3

  4. Which of the following is not a reaction in the oxidizing of H2S to SO3 • (a) HS + O2 -----> HSO2 • (b) HSO3 + OH -----> SO3 + H2O • (c) HSO2 + NO ----> NO2 + HSO • (d) HS + NO2 ------> HSO + NO • Answer (d) HS + NO2 ------> HSO + NO The most common fate of peroxy radicals in tropospheric air, except of the very cleanest of air as that over the ocean, is illustrated in which of the following reactions: • (a) HSO3 + NO -------->NO2 + HSO2 • (b) H2O2 -----------> H2 + O2 • (c) CH3COO + OH ----------> CH3COH + O2 • (d) HSO2 + OH --------> H2SO3 • Answer: (a) HSO3 + NO --------> NO2 + HSO2

  5. This figure shows the experienced temperatures during the period 1860 to 1990 and the computer model. What are the limitations and criticisms of current modeling programs? • The main criticism is that the models can not reproduce past results, so how can they be expected to predict the future. Another variable is the inability to know how to handle ‘clouds’ in future modeling.

  6. When comparing CO2 and CF2Cl2, the global warming potential per molecule for CF2Cl2 is 4000 times greater than CO2. Please explain • When comparing the two molecules, one sees immediately that CF2Cl2 has nine degrees of vibrational motion compared to four degrees for CO2. That coupled with a residence lifetime significantly greater than CO2 resuls in a global warming potential per molecule that is 4000 times greater than CO2.

  7. NO NO Indicate which of the following reactions is possible in the stratosphere. There is more than one. • (a) ClO + O2 Cl + O3 • (b) O3 + O  2 O2 • (c) NO + ClO  Cl + NO2 • (d) NO2 + O2 NO + O3 • (e) O2 + Cl  ClO + O • The secret is to look at the reverse reaction and determine if it will go spontaneously, for example (d) will NO take the “loose” oxygen from O3 – yes, so as the reaction is written it will not occur.

  8. Using the decision trees (attached), show how CH4 is ultimately oxidized to CO2 in the troposphere. • CH4 + OH  CH3 + HOH • CH3 + O2  CH3O2 • CH3O2 + NO  NO2 + CH3O • CH3O + O2  CH2O + O2H • CH2O + OH  CHO + H2O • CHO + O2  CHO3 • CHO3 + NO  NO2 + CHO2 • CHO2 +O2  CO2 + HO2

  9. The United Nations Report (January, 1996) cited four things that have been happening during the last 100 years that they attribute to global warming. List two of these. • Melting of glaciers in Europe • Raising of sea level • Bleaching of coral reefs • Global temperatures have been rising

  10. Why has the International Treaty Agreement reducing the CO2 emissions been opposed by the US Senators? • Answer: They want the developing countries, specifically China and India to agree to the terms of the Treaty.