Group Five - Cancer in Adults

1. Group Five - Cancer in Adults

2. Starting w/ Andrew

3. Cancer! What is it about cancer! FEAR We no longer have control! We must trust in doctors! Emotionally Draining! Financial Disaster! You don’t see it coming!

4. What is cancer? • Cancer, often called a neoplasm (of which carcinomas are the most common type), is a malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth that expands by invasion into the surrounding area. • It might eventually break off and enter the blood stream and be carried to other parts of the body. When it spreads to other parts of the body, it is called metastatic cancer. Most cancer deaths are due to metastatic disease. • Some, but not all, forms of cancer are caused by exposure to chemicals, or radiation, or viruses. And, different types of cancer are caused by different genetic and environmental factors.

5. Cancerous Cells - All the cells in you body grow and then rest in cycles. These periods are controlled by genes in cells’ nucleus. This nucleus works as the control room for the cells. When the cells are in good working order, they keep cell growth under control, but when there is an abnormality in your cells or when you develop an abnormality, they lose the ability to control the cycle of cell growth and rest

7. Benign tumors: • not life threatening • may heal or resolve on their own • may respond well to minor surgery • Malignant tumors • often require treatment with drugs • chemotherapy • radiation therapy and major surgery

8. Children frequently have a more advanced stage of cancer when they are first diagnosed. • Most adult cancers result from lifestyle factors, such as smoking, diet, occupation, and other exposure to cancer-causing agents. • Cancer is the second biggest killer of children in the United States after accidents. • More than 8,000 children under age 15 are diagnosed with cancer every year in the U.S. one out of every 630 individuals.

9. Causes of childhood leukemia • A study by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Superfund Basic Research Program

10. Adult vs. Children(survival rate and cause) Adults Children • Survival 60% 75% • Cause Epithelia Cells Stem Cells • Children respond better and use more aggressive therapy. • Adult cells are old and don’t react as well. • Per Standford Hospital.com

11. Cancer vs. the Leading Causes of Death in America Deaths Age Adj Percent All Causes 2,416,003 850.4100.0% • 1 Heart Disease 700,076 246.4 29.0% • 2 CANCER 553,760 195.6 22.9% • 3 Cerebrovascular Diseases 163,534 57.5 6.8% • 4 Emphysema, Bronchitis & Asthma 123,012 43.5 5.1% • 5 Accidents 101,417 35.5 4.2% • 6 Diabetes Mellitus 71,371 25.2 3.0% • 7 Pneumonia & Influenza 62,029 21.8 2.6% • 8 Alzheimers 53,852 18.9 2.2% • 9 Nephritis & Nephrosis 39,479 13.9 1.6% • 10 Septicemia 32,238 11.4 1.3% • 11 Symptoms, Signs and Ill-Defined Conditions 32,211 11.3 1.3% • 12 Suicide and Self-Inflicted Injury 30,607 10.7 1.3% • 13 Chronic Liver Dis and Cirrhosis of the Liver 27,029 9.5 1.1% • 14 Homicide and Legal Intervention 20,672 7.2 0.9% • 15 Hypertension without Heart Disease 19,250 6.8 0.8% • Other and Ill-Defined 385,466 135.4 16.0% Source: NCHS Public-use file for 2001 deaths. * Age adjusted rate per 100,000 Population

12. Cancer Cluster • A greater than EXPECTED number of cancer cases that occur within a group of people in a geographic area or over a period of time. • Key term: EXPECTED

13. What does CDC say? • 1. Cancer is a common disease • 2. The term cancer refers not to a single disease, but instead a group of related yet different diseases • 3. A cancer cluster can be due to chance. • 4. Apparent clusters more likely w/ one type of cancer, a rare cancer, or cancer out of norm for the age group.

14. CDC Admissions: • Info gathered on suspected cluster is compared against census data • Most cases do not proceed past the evaluation stage! • Finding the cause of cancer is not usually clear cut. Exposure to different agents over TIME leaves a tough trail.

15. Public concern. Chromium and some pesticides are examples of chemicals that were first brought to the attention of public health officials by a group of concerned citizens. The National Toxicology Program has a Web site available to the public to suggest agents suspected of causing cancer: • http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov; click on “How to Nominate Compounds.”

17. Risk Factors • Lifestyle • Smokers, high fat diet, exposure to sun • Genetics • Thanks mom and dad • Virus Exposure • HIV, weakens the body • Environment • Pesticides, fertilizers, powerlines

18. It is Preventable • 1/3 of Cancer due to Tobacco Use • 1/3 of Cancer Deaths Due to: • Poor diet • Lack of Exercise • Infectious Disease • Environment • Relatively low, depends on concentrations

19. When you get old….You Die!

20. National Minority Cancer Awareness Week • 3rd full week in April • Established in 1987 • Anyone heard of it? • Lance Armstrong • Betty Ford (1st Lady)

21. Cancer Risk in Los Angeles

22. Wake up, he’s done. Time for Thania!!

23. Breast Cancerby Thania Munoz

24. What is Breast cancer?Breast cancer is a malignant uncontrolled growth of cells in the tissue of the breast.

25. - Genetic abnormalities can be inherited or acquired during the course of the aging process. • -Some definitive link to an increased risk for breast cancer are in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. • BRCA1 is a gene that maintains cell growth • -BRCA2 is a gene that normally helps prevent cell growth, specially the growth of abnormal defective cells • Theoretically, any of the types of tissue in the breast can form a cancer, but usually it comes from either the ducts or the glands

26. Signs of breast cancer • Lump or thickening in or near the breast or in the underarm area. • Prominently visible veins on the surface of the breast • Yellowish green discharge can be a possible breast cancer symptom • Change in size or shape of the breast

27. Risk Factors • - From birth to the age of 39, 1 woman in 231 will get breast cancer • - From ages 40-59, the chance is 1 in 25 • - From ages 60-79, the chance is 1 in 15 The chance of getting breast cancer over the course of an entire lifetime, assuming you live to age 90, is 1 in 8

28. Other factors are: • Lack of exercise • Excessive use of alcohol and tobacco • Vitamin D deficiency • Harmful Exposure to some plastics, pesticides, and fuels. • No pregnancy or lactation

29. Prevention • If possible a woman should: -Have children before the age of 30 -Breastfeed -Avoid weight gain through exercise and proper diet -Limit alcohol consumption to 1 drink a day or less -Regular physical examination by their physician - ,and the most important learn how to perform breast self exams

30. Myths about Breast Cancer 1. Breast cancer only affects older women - No - While it’s the risk of breast cancer increases as we grow older, breast cancer can occur at any age 2. If breast cancer doesn’t run in your family, you won’t get. - No - Every woman has some risk of breast cancer. About 80% of women who get breast cancer have no known family history of the disease 3. Birth control pills cause breast cancer - No -They have not been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, today’s birth control pills can even provide some protection against ovarian cancer

31. Now we’re flying! Tristan’s at the controls.

32. How the Environment May Cause • Pesticides • Dioxin • Secondhand smoke • Other chemicals • Radiation

33. Points of Contention • External vs internal • Voluntary vs. Involuntary

34. Pottstown Landfill

35. Challenges in Conducting Environmental Research • Identifying causal relationships between factors and breast cancer • Laboratory experiments on animals • Epidemiological studies

36. Breast Cancer is a Goldmine • National Breast Cancer Month was established by Zeneca • General Electric

37. Have you got this all figured out yet?Karina’s taking charge!

38. Lung Cancer Healthy Lung Unhealthy Lung

39. What Is Lung Cancer? • A development of malignant cells that starts growing in the lungs resulting in invasion of tissues nearby. • Usually lung cancer originates from the lining of the bronchi. • Lung cancers are divided into 2 major groups • Non-small cell lung cancer (most common, grows/spreads slowly) • Small cell lung cancer

40. Gender Differences in Lung Cancer • Women are more susceptible to the harmful effects of tobacco-related carcinogens • not only are women catching up to men in getting the disease, they are more likely to develop lung cancer before age 50 • Women are known to respond more favorably to lung cancer treatment than men. • Smoking, in fact, takes a greater toll on the health of women than men; a smoking woman loses, on average, 14.5 years of her life while a smoking man loses just over 13 years. • Ironically, teens and young women often think smoking is sexy and glamorous. • Smoking also advances the aging process most likely because of its adverse effect on estrogen. It can cause early menopause, facial wrinkling, permanent voice lowering and urinary incontinence. • Nicotine is considered more addictive than heroin or cocaine. And nicotine is more addictive for women than men.

41. Risk Factors • Smoking • Cigar and Pipe Smoking • Second Hand Smoke • Passive Smoking • Asbestos • Radon • Marijuana Cigarettes • Radiation Treatment to the Lung • Other diseases (tuberculosis/pneumonia) • Diet • Air Pollution • Talcum Powder • Other Mineral Exposures • Personal and Family History • Vitamin A Deficiency or Excess

42. Cancer Causing Agents In The Workplace Include The Following: • Uranium • Arsenic • Vinyl • Chloride • Nickel Chromates • Coal Products • Mustard gas • Chloromethyl ethers • Gasoline • Diesel exhaust

43. What Are The Symptoms? • Chronic cough • Hoarseness • Coughing up blood • Weight loss and loss of appetite • Shortness of breath • Fever without a known reason • Wheezing • Repeated bronchitis or pneumonia • Chest pain

44. When Lung Cancer Spreads to distant organs, it may cause • Bone pain • Neurological changes (such as weakness or numbness of a limb, dizziness) • Jaundice • Masses near the surface of the body, due to cancer spreading to the skin or to lymph nodes in the neck or above the collar bone

45. How is Lung Cancer Detected? • Physical Exam • If there is cough that produces mucus, it may be examined for cancer cells • Chest X-Ray • CT Scan • Use of bronchoscope through nose or mouth

46. What can we do to prevent it? • Find out about cancer causing chemicals at work • Nicotine gum, sprays, inhalers or patches • Our local American Lung Association has books, videos, and group programs that help quit for good • Online Smoking Cessation Clinic “Freedom From Smoking” • Know your rights to a smoke free environment • Make your home smoke-free • Test your home for Radon • Avoid Second Hand Smoke • The best way to prevent lung cancer is NOT TO SMOKE.

47. Okay, Marcella, any good news?

48. Occupational Lung Cancer - Marcella • Lung cancer cases related to • Asbestos • Uranium

49. Pipe or steam filter Plumber Brake repair mechanic Insulation installer Drywall finisher Carpenter Electrician Roofer Welder Miner Shipyard worker Asbestos Exposure in Workplaces

50. The Case of Libby, Montana • Asbestos was discovered in Libby in 1881 • In the 1920s the Zonolite Company began mining vermiculite (asbestos) • In 1963, W.R. Grace bought the Zonolite Company • In 1990, after 70 years, the mine in Libby was closed. It is estimated that the mine may have produced 80% of the worlds’ supply of asbestos • In November of 1999, EPA sent an Emergency Response Team to Libby to investigate high rate of lung cancer in the area • In December 1999, EPA collected samples to conduct a series of experiments to assess the toxicity of the asbestos fibers. EPA analyzed the samples concluding that this kind of asbestos fibers, tremolite, were very dangerous to the health • Even people who were not involved in mining were getting lung cancer after exposure • In October 2002, Libby was added to the National Priorities List of EPA • In December 2002, EPA organized a program to inspect and clean up all the contaminated areas in Libby • In 2005, EPA is still working with local and state authorities to clean the town and adjacent areas Libby, Montana Vermiculite