Korean Society – Low Trust Society outside Family Relation

1. Korean Society – Low Trust Society outside Family Relation (Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and The Last Man, 1992) Family – Blood-related (혈연, 血緣) Region-related (지연, 地緣) School-related (학연, 學緣) Hyung = Older brother, Nuna = Older sister O-ppa = Older brother, Eon-ni = Older sister, ~ Ya! = Younger sister

2. Multinational Enterprises – Organizational Culture vs. National Culture (Sabine Scheffknecht, 2011) Values can be defined as broad preferences concerning appropriate courses of action or outcomes. As such, values reflect a person’s sense of right and wrong or what “ought” to be. “Equal rights for all”, "Excellence deserves admiration", and “People should be treated with respect and dignity” are representative of values. Organizational culture – influenced by national or regional culture The advantages of being a multinational enterprise - less dependence on the economy or political situation of one single country, differentiated marked position, economy of scale through the sixe of the business, use of synergies; etc) The disadvantages of being a multinational enterprise – cultural barrier many different nationalities and diverse cultures under one roof Hofstede’s study on cultural differences on national level IBM study – company internal employee attitude survey program, executed between 1967 and 1973, with more than 116,000 responses from 72 countries and 20 languages Nations – Political units into which the entire world is divided and to one of which every human being is supposed to belong. ( Hofstede, Hofstede, & Minkov, 2010)

3. Cultural dimension comparison Hall/Hall (2011) Trompenaars/ Hampden-Tuner (TU Cenmnitz 2011) GLOBE (House 2004) Hofstede/ Hofstede/ Minkov (2010) Hall/Hall (2011) Equality vs hierarchy Analysing vs. integration Individualism vs. communitarianism Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Institutional collectivism Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Individualism vs. collectivism Inner directed vs outer directed Gender egalitarianism Masculinity vs. feminity Time (monochromic vs. polychromic) Time sequence vs. Time synchronization Future orientation Humane orientation Long term Orientation Indulgence vs restraint Universalism vs. Particularism Low vs. high context Assertiveness Performance orientation Achieved status vs. Ascribed status Space

4. Organizational level 3 perspectives 1) Integration – culture is characterised by consistency, organizational wide consensus, and clarity through the values of people at a high level of the organization (Shein, 1985; Collins and Porras, 2002) 2) Differentiation – views organization as composed of overlapping, nested subcultures that coexist in relationships of intergroup harmony, conflict, or indifference Bartune k and Moch ; Van Maanen, ) 3) Fragmentation – ambiguity (multiple meanings, paradox, irony, and inescapable contradictions) is the defining feature of cultures in organizations (Robertson & Swan, 2003) Is organizational culture a given fact or can it be influenced? Integraton perspective Deducing national differences by doing research with multinational enterprises with a certain organizational culture is feasible

5. Seriesof Essays on Korean Cultures by Dr. Horace H. Underwood Professor Emeritus, Yonsei University “In” and “Out” incredibly polite and incredibly rude Eastern Land of Courtesy vs. Eastern Land of Discourtesy Host are so friendly but taxi drivers are so nasty Restaurant manner for buying you meals vs. the people in the street Home vs. street Business card exchange is the start of the transferring from out to in. No Men are Created Equal Korean culture was hierarchical vs. it is arranged vertically! No word for brother, “hyung” vs. “tongsaeng” Korea is Confucian society. Everyone is Confucian, including the Christians. Confucianism is primarily a system of ethics, not religion, and within ethics, even more a system of social relationships. Koreans are very confused when Americans claim that someone clearly not their own age is their “friend.” Honesty vs Loyalty : Which is more important Westerns – Honesty; Confucian society – Loyalty

6. Heredityand Environment The case for adopting a children : the next generation and relative to succeed in the clan register Americans : tend to believe only in environment = they want to adop infants! Koreans : tend to believe only in heredity Heredity – determines much of height, aptitudes, even diseases Environment – behavior, achievement, even diseases

7. 삼강오륜 (The three bonds and the five moral rules in human relations) 삼강 (三綱)은 임금과 신하, 어버이와 자식, 남편과 아내 사이에 마땅히 지켜야 할 도리이다. 군위신강(君爲臣綱): the bond between a king and a subject 부위자강(父爲子綱) : the bond between parents and children 부위부강(夫爲婦綱) : the bond between a husband and a wife 오륜 (五倫)은 오상(五常) 또는 오전(五典)이라고도 한다. 이는 《맹자(孟子)》에 나오는 부자유친 ·군신유의·부부유별·장유유서(長幼有序) ·붕우유신(朋友有信)의 5가지로, 아버지와 아들 사이의 도(道)는 친애(親愛)에 있으며, 임금과 신하의 도리는 의리에 있고, 부부 사이에는 서로 침범치 못할 인륜(人倫)의 구별이 있으며, 어른과 어린이 사이에는 차례와 질서가 있어야 하며, 벗의 도리는 믿음에 있음을 뜻한다. 부자유친 (父子有親): affection (or love) between a father and a son 군신유의 (君臣有義) : loyalty (or righteousness) between a king and a subject 부부유별 (夫婦有別) : distinction (or discrimination) between a husband and a wife 장유유서 (長幼有序) : order between adults and children 붕우유신 (朋友有信) : trust (or confidence) between friends

8. 삼강오륜 (三綱五倫) : three fundamental principles and the five moral disciplines in human relations. BC 770~403; 전한의 무제 (BC 141~87); 수기(training oneself; 修己) 치인 (ruling others; 治人) 인 (benevolence, 仁), 의 (justice, righteous, 義 ), 예 (courtesy, 禮), 지 ( wisdom, 智) 전국시대 – 맹자 (내성파) 순자 (숭례파- 한비자), 한-당 – 훈고학, 경학, 송나라 - 주자학, 명나라 – 양명학; 청나라- 고증학 Earning respect! Not given!