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Chapter 32

Chapter 32. Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21 st Century. By: Alicia Buster, Katie Jackson Grace Lopez, Linh Luu , and Zoe Morrison. Prominent Figures of Latin America. Juan José Arevalo. President of Guatemala, 1945-1951 “Spiritual socialism”

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Chapter 32

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  1. Chapter 32 Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century By: Alicia Buster, Katie Jackson Grace Lopez, LinhLuu, and Zoe Morrison

  2. Prominent Figures of Latin America

  3. Juan José Arevalo • President of Guatemala, 1945-1951 • “Spiritual socialism” • Social Security system, labor code, built roads • Land, health, and education reform • Rights of workers • Freedom of speech and press • Right-wing opposition • United Fruit Company

  4. Fulgencio Batista • Dictator of Cuba, 1934-1944, 1952-1959 • Democratic constitution of 1940 • Deposed Carlos PríoSocarrás, 1952 • Controlled education, press, Congress; corrupt • Fled to Dominican Republic, January 1, 1959

  5. Fidel Castro • Dictator of Cuba, 1959-2008, Premier, President • Overthrew Batista, 1958 • “26th of July Movement” • Initiated socialist reforms • Nationalist/anti-imperialist policy • US-Cuban relations ended, 1961 • Soviet Union • US-sponsored Cuban invasion, 1961 • US trade embargo • Positive and negative effects of revolution • www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98822/Fidel-Castro

  6. Ernesto “Che” Guevara • Argentine revolutionary • Joined Castro in 1956 • Became leader of guerrilla movement • Opposed imperialism and neocolonialism • Chief of the Industrial Department of the National Institute of Agrarian Reform, president of National Bank of Cuba, minister of industry • Led guerrilla attack in Bolivia, 1967 • Become an icon

  7. Salvador Allende • Marxist activist • Founded Chile’s Socialist Party, 1933 • Chile’s first socialist president, 1970-1973 • Added 10 libertarian amendments to constitution • Sponsored many reforms: nationalized industry and banks, expropriated lands and foreign-owned factories • Chile began to stagnate • Allende began to lose control of his left-wing supporters • Established relations with Cuba and China • Overthrown by Augusto Pinochet, 1973

  8. Augusto Sandino • Nicaraguan guerrilla leader • Supported Juan Bautista Sacasa’s claim to presidency • Withdrew to mountains after attack of US Marines, 1927 • Invited to meet with Anastasio Somoza, 1934 • Murdered by Nicaraguan National Guard

  9. Change Over Time And Evolution of United States Involvement

  10. Cuban Politics Before Revolution • 1934-1944 Fulgencio Batista was dictator • Democratic constitution promising; • Land reforms • Full employment • Government control of national resources • Programs were corrupt • Elected president- 1952

  11. Cuban Politics After Revolution • Fidel Castro brought a socialist economy • Relations with the U.S. were broken off • Cuba depended on Soviet Union • Led to Cuban Missile crisis

  12. Economic Change in Cuba • 1940s and 50s had heavy U.S. investments • Large middle class; produced sugar, tobacco, and animal hides • 1950s- three-fourths of Cuban imports came from U.S. • U.S. embargo on trade in 1961 • Failed attempt to industrialize • Sugar prices fell • Soviet Union saved Cuban economy

  13. Good Neighbor Policy • Franklin D. Roosevelt • 1933 • Promised to stop direct U.S. involvement in Latin America • http://www.c-spanvideo.org/clip/3285030

  14. Alliance for Progress • Began in 1961 • Developed alternatives to communist political solutions • Believed economic development would eliminate radical political solutions • Limited success • Renewal of U.S. direct involvement

  15. U.S. policy in 1970-1990 • Jimmy Carter 1977-1981 • He signed treaty with Panama • Ceded control of Panama Canal • 1979- U.S. gave financial aid to Sandinista rebels that overthrew Nicaragua’s Dictator • 1990- U.S. toppled authoritarian government in Panama • Replaced with regime backed By U.S. troops

  16. U.S. Presence in Latin America • Many U.S. investments and loans to South America • 5 billion by 1929 • U.S. often got involved in Latin American revolutions • More than 30 U.S. Military interventions by 1933 • Central America had companies like United Fruit • High private U.S. investment • Direct ties to the U.S. economy

  17. Resistance to U.S. forces • Guerrilla movement in Nicaragua against U.S. occupation • Led by Augusto Sandino • Assassinated in 1934 by the Nicaraguan National Guard • Intervention was followed by creation of new government • Often dictatorships that would serve U.S. interests • Called banana republics, often corrupt

  18. Slow Change in Women’s Roles • 1929 Ecuador gave women right to vote • First in Latin America • Feminist organizations and suffrage movements brought change in 40s and 50s • In the 90s women made 9% of legislators • Higher than other region

  19. Major Conflicts

  20. Cuban Revolution • Castro tries to overthrow Batista • First attempt unsuccessful- 1953 • Castro has help from Che Guevara • Successful-1958 • Castro begins sweeping reforms • Nationalization of foreign property • Farm collectivization • Centralized socialist economy • Castro breaks relationship w/ US- 1961 • Enters relationship w/ USSR

  21. Cuban Missile Crisis • JFK put naval blockade to prevent Russian ships from entering Cuba • Soviet Union said this would be seen as act of war • Massive tensions in Washington and Moscow • USSR on alert • US air bombers ready to drop nuclear bombs. Ready to invade Cuba • Americans suggested secret trade-off • If USSR takes missiles off Cuba, US takes missiles out of Turkey • USSR first public move • Sent ships headed for Cuba back • If naval blockade lifted Khrushchev would dismantle Cuban bases • Sent second telegram demanding dismantle of missiles in Turkey • Kennedy agreed publicly to first letter and secretly to second

  22. Guatemala • First radical solution tried here • Depended upon export of coffee and bananas • Lower and middle class elect Juan Jose Arevalo as president • Arevalonationalism and resources cause conflict w/ United Fruit Company • 1951- President JacoboArbenz (more radical) • Proposed expropriation of United Fruit land • Drove Cold War American government to impose restrictions on diplomacy and economy • CIA intervened • Assisted military opponents to overthrow Arbenz • Reform ceased under new government • Continued violence and political instability

  23. Groups of People

  24. Party of the Institutionalized Revolution • PRI • Founded in 1929 at the end of the 20th century by former President Plutarco Calles • Originally called National Revolutionary Party • In Mexico • Strengths: • All important figures in Mexican national and local politics belonged • Brought together country’s governmental, military, and agricultural leaders

  25. Zapatistas • Called themselves Zapatistas in honor of Emiliano Zapata. (EZLN) • Peasant based organization that seized power in parts of Chiapas Mexico • Called for reforms against PRI • Government responded with negotiation and repression

  26. Conservative National Action party (PAN) • Founded in 1939 by Manuel Gomez Moran to represent interests of business and Roman Catholic Church • Supports minimal government intervention in the economy • Opposition party to PRI • Presidential candidate in 2000 was Vicente Fox, won elections and ended 71 year rule of PRI

  27. United Fruit Company • Founded by Minor Cooper Keith, Lorenzo Dow Baker, and Andrew Preston • Most important foreign economic concern in Guatemala during 20th century • Attempted land reform and caused U.S. intervention in Guatemalan politics • American owned • United Fruit Company owned all of Guatemala’s banana production, telephone and telegraph system, and almost all of the railroad tracks

  28. Sandinista party • Nicaraguan socialist movement named after Augusto Sandino • Founded by Carlos Fonseca Amador, Silvio Mayorga, and Tomas Borge Martinez in 1962 • Successfully carried out socialist revolution in Nicaragua during 1980s • Governed Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990 • Overthrew President Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979 and ended 46 years of dictatorship • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/143082/A-summary-of-relations-between-the-United-States-and-Nicaragua

  29. The End

  30. Jeopardy! Chapter 32: Revolution and Reaction to the 21st century

  31. Conflicts in Cuba Important People Groups of People Change Over Time 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 50

  32. Conflicts in Cuba – 10 Points • QUESTION: • What Latin American figure of the 20th century helped Castro to overthrow Batista? • ANSWER: • Che Guevara

  33. Conflicts in Cuba – 20 Points • QUESTION: • How many days did the Cuban Missile Crisis last? • ANSWER: • 13

  34. Conflicts in Cuba – 30 Points • QUESTION: • In what year did Castro break relations with the United States? • ANSWER: • 1961

  35. Conflicts in Cuba – 40 Points • QUESTION: • On what date did The Cuban Missile Crisis end? • ANSWER: • October 28, 1962

  36. Conflicts in Cuba – 50 Points 100!! • QUESTION: • Name one of Fidel Castro’s sweeping reforms. • ANSWER: • Nationalization of foreign property • Farm collectivization • Centralized socialist economy Daily Double!!!

  37. Important People – 10 Points • QUESTION: • What US company came into direct conflict with Guatemalan leader Juan Jose Arevalo? • ANSWER: • The United Fruit Company

  38. Important People – 20 Points • QUESTION: • In what year did Fulgencio Batista create his new democratic constitution for Cuba? • ANSWER: • 1940

  39. Important People – 30 Points • QUESTION: • What was the name of the group of revolutionaries organized by Castro, based on a rebel movement in 1953? • ANSWER: • 26th of July Movement

  40. Important People – 40 Points • QUESTION: • Salvador Allende ran as a candidate for the ___________ bloc, which included Socialists, Communists, radicals, and Christian Democrats, in 1970. • ANSWER: • Popular Unity

  41. Important People – 50 Points • QUESTION: • Augusto Sandino first gained recognition when he gave his support to which presidential candidate? • ANSWER: • Juan Bautista Sacasa

  42. Groups of People – 10 Points • QUESTION: • In 2000, a national election ended the ____ monopoly. • ANSWER: • Party of the Institutionalized Revolution/PRI

  43. Groups of People – 20 Points • QUESTION: • In what year was the Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI) founded? • ANSWER: • 1929

  44. Groups of People – 30 Points • QUESTION: • Which president was overthrown by the Sandinista Party in Nicaragua in 1979? • ANSWER: • Anastasio Somoza Debayle

  45. Groups of People – 40 Points • QUESTION: • What does PAN stand for? • ANSWER: • Conservative National Action Party

  46. Groups of People – 50 Points • QUESTION: • The Sandinista Party governed from ____ to ____. • ANSWER: • 1979, 1990

  47. Change Over Time – 10 Points • QUESTION: • Who was the Cuban dictator from 1934-1944? • ANSWER: • Fulgencio Batista

  48. Change Over Time – 20 Points • QUESTION: • The____________ promised to stop direct US involvement in Latin America. • ANSWER: • Good Neighbor Policy

  49. Change Over Time – 30 Points • QUESTION: • Which Latin American country was the first to give women the right to vote? • ANSWER: • Ecuador

  50. Change Over Time – 40 Points • QUESTION: • This president ceded control of the Panama Canal. • ANSWER: • Jimmy Carter

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