1. Logical Operators

2. Shorthand Operator public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) { int j, p, q, r, s, t; j = 5; p = 1; q = 2; r = 3; s = 4; t = 5; p += j; q -= j; r *= j; s /= j; t %= j; System.out.println("p = " + p); System.out.println("q = " + q); System.out.println("r = " + r); System.out.println("s = " + s); System.out.println("t = " + t); } } > java Example p = 6 q = -3 r = 15 s = 0 t = 0 >

3. Increment/ Decrement Operators • Two unary operators: 1) ++ increments its operand by 1 2) -- decrements its operand by 1 • The operand must be a numerical variable. • Each operation can appear in two versions: • prefix version evaluates the value of the operand after performing the increment/decrement operation • postfix version evaluates the value of the operand before performing the increment/decrement operation

4. Increment/ Decrement

5. Increment and Decrement public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) { int j, p, q, r, s; j = 5; p = ++j; // j = j + 1; p = j; System.out.println("p = " + p); q = j++; // q = j; j = j + 1; System.out.println("q = " + q); System.out.println("j = " + j); r = --j; // j = j -1; r = j; System.out.println("r = " + r); s = j--; // s = j; j = j - 1; System.out.println("s = " + s); } } > java example p = 6 q = 6 j = 7 r = 6 s = 6 >

6. Relational Operator • Relational operators determine the relationship that one operand has to the other operand, specifically equality and ordering. • The outcome is always a value of type boolean. • They are most often used in branching and loop control statements.

7. Relational Operators

8. Relational Operator Examples public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) { int p =2; int q = 2; int r = 3; Integer i = new Integer(10); Integer j = new Integer(10); System.out.println("p < r " + (p < r)); System.out.println("p > r " + (p > r)); System.out.println("p == q " + (p == q)); System.out.println("p != q " + (p != q)); System.out.println("i == j " + (i == j)); System.out.println("i != j " + (i != j)); } } > java Example p < r true p > r false p == q true p != q false i == j false i != j true >

9. Logical Operators • Logical operators act upon boolean operands only. • The outcome is always a value of type boolean. • In particular, 1and2 and 1or2 logical operators occur in two forms: 1) full op1 & op2 and op1 | op2 where both op1 and op2 are evaluated 2) short-circuit - op1 && op2 and op1 || op2 where op2 is only evaluated if the value of op1 is insufficient to determine the final outcome

10. Logical (&&) Operator Examples public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) { boolean t = true; boolean f = false; System.out.println("f && f " + (f && f)); System.out.println("f && t " + (f && t)); System.out.println("t && f " + (t && f)); System.out.println("t && t " + (t && t)); } } > java Example f && f false f && t false t && f false t && t true >

11. Logical (||) Operator Examples public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) { boolean t = true; boolean f = false; System.out.println("f || f " + (f || f)); System.out.println("f || t " + (f || t)); System.out.println("t || f " + (t || f)); System.out.println("t || t " + (t || t)); } } > java Example f || f false f || t true t || f true t || t true >

12. Logical (!) Operator Examples public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) { boolean t = true; boolean f = false; System.out.println("!f " + !f); System.out.println("!t " + !t); } } > java Example !f true !t false >

13. Logical Operator ExamplesShort Circuiting with && public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) { boolean b; int j, k; j = 0; k = 0; b = ( j++ == k ) && ( j == ++k ); System.out.println("b, j, k " + b + ", " + j + ", " + k); j = 0; k = 0; b = ( j++ != k ) && ( j == ++k ); System.out.println("b, j, k " + b + ", " + j + ", " + k); } } > java Example b, j, k true 1, 1 > java Example b, j, k true 1, 1 b, j, k false 1, 0 >

14. Logical Operator ExamplesShort Circuiting with || public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) { boolean b; int j, k; j = 0; k = 0; b = ( j++ == k ) || ( j == ++k ); System.out.println("b, j, k " + b + ", " + j + ", " + k); j = 0; k = 0; b = ( j++ != k ) || ( j == ++k ); System.out.println("b, j, k " + b + ", " + j + ", " + k); } } > java Example b, j, k true 1, 0 > java Example b, j, k true 1, 0 b, j, k true 1, 1 >

15. Class Participation

16. Answer

17. Bitwise Operators • Bitwise operators apply to integer types only. • They act on individual bits of their operands. • There are three kinds of bitwise operators: 1) basic bitwise AND, OR, NOT and XOR 2) shifts left, right and right-zero-fill 3) assignments bitwise assignment for all basic and shift operators

18. Bitwise Operators

19. Twos Complement Numbers Base 10 A byte of binary +127 01111111 +4 00000100 +3 00000011 +2 00000010 +1 00000001 +0 00000000 -1 11111111 -2 11111110 -3 11111101 -4 11111100 -128 10000000

20. Adding Twos Complements Base 10Binary +3 00000011 -2 11111110 +1 00000001 Base 10Binary +2 00000010 -3 11111101 -1 11111111

21. Logical Operators (Bit Level)& | ^ ~ int a = 10; // 00001010 = 10 int b = 12; // 00001100 = 12 a 00000000000000000000000000001010 10 b 00000000000000000000000000001100 12 a & b 00000000000000000000000000001000 8 & AND a 00000000000000000000000000001010 10 b 00000000000000000000000000001100 12 a | b 00000000000000000000000000001110 14 | OR a 00000000000000000000000000001010 10 b 00000000000000000000000000001100 12 a ^ b 00000000000000000000000000000110 6 ^ XOR ~ NOT a 00000000000000000000000000001010 10 ~a 11111111111111111111111111110101 -11

22. Logical (bit) Operator Examples public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) { int a = 10; // 00001010 = 10 int b = 12; // 00001100 = 12 int and, or, xor, na; and = a & b; // 00001000 = 8 or = a | b; // 00001110 = 14 xor = a ^ b; // 00000110 = 6 na = ~a; // 11110101 = -11 System.out.println("and " + and); System.out.println("or " + or); System.out.println("xor " + xor); System.out.println("na " + na); } } > java Example and 8 or 14 xor 6 na -11 >

23. Shift Operators (Bit Level)<< >> >>> • Shift Left << Fill with Zeros • Shift Right >> Based on Sign • Shift Right >>> Fill with Zeros

24. Shift Operators << >> int a = 3; // ...00000011 = 3 int b = -4; // ...11111100 = -4 a 00000000000000000000000000000011 3 a << 2 00000000000000000000000000001100 12 b 11111111111111111111111111111100 -4 b << 2 11111111111111111111111111110000 -16 << Left a 00000000000000000000000000000011 3 a >> 2 00000000000000000000000000000000 0 b 11111111111111111111111111111100 -4 b >> 2 11111111111111111111111111111111 -1 >> Right

25. Shift Operator >>> int a = 3; // ...00000011 = 3 int b = -4; // ...11111100 = -4 a 00000000000000000000000000000011 3 a >>> 2 00000000000000000000000000000000 0 b 11111111111111111111111111111100 -4 b >>> 2 00111111111111111111111111111111 +big >>> Right 0

26. Shift Operator Examples public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) { int a = 3; // ...00000011 = 3 int b = -4; // ...11111100 = -4 System.out.println("a<<2 = " + (a<<2)); System.out.println("b<<2 = " + (b<<2)); System.out.println("a>>2 = " + (a>>2)); System.out.println("b>>2 = " + (b>>2)); System.out.println("a>>>2 = " + (a>>>2)); System.out.println("b>>>2 = " + (b>>>2)); } } > java Example a<<2 = 12 b<<2 = -16 a>>2 = 0 b>>2 = -1 a>>>2 = 0 b>>>2 = 1073741823 >

27. Shift Operator >>> and Automatic Arithmetic Promotion byte a = 3; // 00000011 = 3 byte b = -4; // 11111100 = -4 byte c; c = (byte) a >>> 2 c = (byte) b >>> 2 a 00000011 3 a >>> 2 00000000000000000000000000000000 0 c = (byte) 00000000 0 b 11111100 -4 b >>> 2 00111111111111111111111111111111 1073741823 c = (byte) Much to big for byte 11111111 -1 >>> Right Fill 0

28. Other Operators

29. Conditional Operators • General form: expr1? expr2 : expr3 where: 1) expr1 is of type boolean 2) expr2 and expr3 are of the same type If expr1 is true, expr2 is evaluated, otherwise expr3 is evaluated.

30. Example: Conditional Operator

31. Operator Precedence • Java operators are assigned precedence order. • Precedence determines that the expression 1 + 2 * 6 / 3 > 4 && 1 < 0 • if equivalent to (((1 + ((2 * 6) / 3)) > 4) && (1 < 0)) • When operators have the same precedence, the earlier one binds stronger.

32. Operator Precedence

33. Class Participation 1) What would be the result of running the following program: Class test {public static void main(String abc[]) { byte x=256; System.out.println(x); } } a) 256 b) Compilation Error c) Run Time Error

34. Class Participation • Given a byte value of 01110111, which of the following statements will produce 00111011? (Note: 01110111= 0x77) A. 0x77<<1; B. 0x77>>>1; C. 0x77>>1; D. B and C E. None of the above

35. Questions?