The Periodic Table of Elements

1. The Periodic Table of Elements

2. Element • A pure substance made up of one kind of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means • 90 occur naturally on earth • 25 were synthesized (made) by scientists Element Song http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html

3. Dmitri Mendeleev • In the 1860’s he devised a periodic table where the elements were ordered by their atomic masses • He did this by grouping elements together according to their similarities Image taken from: http://jscms.jrn.columbia.edu/cns/2006-04-18/fido-luxuriantflowinghair/mendeleev/

4. Henry Moseley • In 1914, his work led to a revision of the periodic table by rearranging the elements by their atomic numbers • He concluded that the number of protons in an atom is its atomic number Image taken from: http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/smith/

5. 3 Classes of Elements

6. Metals Location • Found on the left of the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table (exception  Hydrogen) Chemical Properties • Have few electrons in their outer energy level, thus lose electrons easily Physical Properties • ductile, good conductors, malleable, shiny, most are solid @ room temperature Image taken from: http://chemistry.about.com/od/periodictableelements/ig/Element-Photo-Gallery.--98/Sodium.htm What metal is not a solid @ room temperature?

7. - + + - - + + + + + - - - - + - - + + + + + - - + + - - - - Atoms with Few Electrons in their Outer Energy Level Notice: only 1 electron in outer level Notice: only 2 electrons in outer level

8. Alkali Metals Group 1 (Red) MOST reactive Found only in compounds and not as single elements Soft and shiny Goodconductorsof electricity

9. Alkaline Earth Metals • Group 2 (Orange) • Not as reactive as Group 1 • Fairly hard metal • Gray-white color • Good conductors ofelectricity

10. Transition Metals Groups 3-12 (Yellow…not red) Acts as a bridge between the more reactive metals (on left) and less reactive metals (on right) Good conductors of electricity

11. Lanthanides and Actinides • Periods 6 and 7 (Violet) • Rare earth metals • Lanthanides • Highly conductive • Soft, shiny, malleable • Actinides • Exist in small amounts except for thorium and uranium

12. Non-Metals Location • Most found to the right of the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table Chemical Properties • Most have almost full outer energy levels, thus they tend to gain electrons; some have completely full outer level Physical Properties • not ductile or malleable, not shiny, poor conductors, most are solid, but some are gas at room temperature Image taken from: http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptable/cl.htm Image taken from: https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/rockandmineral/sulfur.asp

13. - + + + + - - - - + - - + + + - - + + + + + + + - + + - - + + - - - - - - - Atoms with Full or Almost Full Outer Energy Level Notice: 2 electrons in outer level – FULL Notice: 6 electrons in outer level – almost full Notice: 7 electrons in outer level – almost full

14. Halogens Group 17 (Blue) Highly reactive Poor conductors Fluorine is the most reactive halogen because it has the highest electronegativity

15. Noble Gases Group 18 (Indigo) Stable and do not bond Semi-conductors

16. Metalloids Location • Border the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table Chemical Properties • Most atoms have ½ (≈) complete set of electrons in outer level Physical Properties • have properties of both metals and non-metals Image taken from: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0113863/bios.shtml Image taken from: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0113863/bios.shtml

17. - - - + - - - - + + + + + + + - + + + + + - + - - - - + + + + + - - - - - - Atoms with ½ (≈) Complete Outer Energy Level Notice: only 4 electrons in outer level Notice: only 3 electrons in outer level

18. Metalloids Found along zig-zag line (Green…not purple) Have properties of both metals and non-metals B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At Great conductors of electricity

19. Conduction vs Insulation • Conduction occurs when electrons move freely through a material. • Metals are good conductors of electricity. • Example: Cu, Al, Ag, Au • Insulation occurs when electrons can not move freely through a material. • Most of the solid, non-metal elements are good insulators. • Example: C, S, P, I

20. Important Features of the Periodic Table:Period (Row) • each horizontal row of elements on the periodic table How many periods (rows) are on the Periodic Table Of Elements? FROM LEFT TO RIGHT OR RIGHT TO LEFT

21. Period (Row) Properties • Seven periods on a periodic table (numbered from the top down) • Atomic numbers and atomic masses increase as you move from the left to the right in a period • All atoms of the elements in the same period have the same number of orbitals/levels • All atoms of the elements in a specific period have that respective number of orbitals/levels • Example • Period 1 = 1 orbital • Period 2 = 2 orbitals • Period 3 = 3 orbitals • Etc…

22. - - - + + + + - - - - - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - - - - - - + + + + - + + + - - + + + - - - + + + - + + - - - - + + - - - - - - - - Examples of Period (Row) elements having the same number of orbitals/levels in their atoms In what period (row) do you think these atoms reside? In what period (row) do you think these atoms reside?

23. Important Features of the Periodic Table: Group (Family) • each column of elements on the periodic table How many groups (families) are on the Periodic Table Of Elements? FROM TOP TO BOTTOM OR BOTTOM TO THE TOP

24. Group (Family) Properties • Eighteen groups on the periodic table (numbered from left to right) • Atomic numbers and atomic masses increase as you move from the top down in a group (family) • Atoms of elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer orbitals/levels of their atoms (known as valence electrons) • Exceptions: • Transition elements (3-12) • Hydrogen (could be 1 or 17) • Helium (actually has 2 valence electrons) • Elements in groups usually have similar physical and chemical properties

25. 1 H 1.008 3 Li 6.941 + 11 Na 22.990 + + - 19 K 39.098 - - + 37 Rb 85.468 - - + + + + 55 Cs 132.905 + - - + + 87 Fr (223) - - - - Examples of Group Elements with the same # of valence electrons How many electrons do each of these atoms have in their outer orbital/level? What group (family) do these elements reside in?

26. Identify the Element Period 2 – Group 14  Period 5 – Group 2  Group 17 – Period 6  Group 4 – Period 7  Rutherfordium - Rf Carbon - C Strontium - Sr Astatine - At

27. Let’s have a challenge!! Use the periodic table to find the elements in the periodic table. When you find it, correctly write the SYMBOL on the whiteboard. The first person to hold up their board with the correct symbol wins!! • Group 10, Period 6 • Group 13, Period 2 • Group 3, Period 4 • Platinum (Pt) • Boron (B) • Scandium (Sc) • Group 17, Period 5 • Group 2, Period 7 • Group 18, Period 2 • Iodine (I) • Radium (Ra) • Neon (Ne)

28. Create a foldable using notebook paper to study the symbols for the following 25 elements • Silver • Gold • Platinum • Mercury • Neon • Zinc • Tin • Iodine • Lead Aluminum Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Potassium Iron Nickel Copper Hydrogen Helium Oxygen Carbon Calcium Nitrogen Sodium Magnesium