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Overview of Theories of Child Development

Overview of Theories of Child Development. Dorothy Stubbe, M.D. Yale Child Study Center. Goals and Objectives. To review some of the major theories and concepts of normal human development To highlight the utility and limitations of developmental stage theories

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Overview of Theories of Child Development

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  1. Overview of Theories of Child Development Dorothy Stubbe, M.D. Yale Child Study Center

  2. Goals and Objectives • To review some of the major theories and concepts of normal human development • To highlight the utility and limitations of developmental stage theories • To utilize vignettes of a normal child to highlight key concepts in child development

  3. Outline • Historical Context of views of human development • Developmental Issues • Three Theories of Child Development • Psychoanalytic • Cognitive • Behavioral

  4. The measure of a society is its reverence for children -Arnold Gesell

  5. 1. The Nature Nurture DebatesThree Centuries and Going Strong Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Innate goodness MaturationGenes John Locke (1632-1704) Tabula rasa ExperienceEnvironment

  6. Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by a Polymorphism in the 5-HTT GeneCaspi et al, Science 2003

  7. 2. Is Development Continuous? DiscontinuityMaturationDistinct stages ContinuityExperienceSmooth phases

  8. 3. Early vs. Late Influences Goodness of Fit

  9. Primary Parental Preoccupations Transitional Object Good Enough Mother

  10. Behavioral Learning Theories • Classical Conditioning • Pavlov • Watson– fear reaction in little Albert • John Wolpe and systematic desensitization • Operant Conditioning • Thorndike and Law of Effect • BF Skinner and Behaviorism

  11. Classical Conditioning • Classical conditioning in practice • Example: fear of doctors after vaccination • Treatments • Extinction (systematic desensitization) • Treatments of fears and phobias

  12. Operant Conditioning • Reinforcements • Positive • Negative • Punishment • Clinical Relevance • Sticker charts and positive reinforcements • Behavior plans • Parent management training • Biofeedback • Job satisfaction

  13. Important Theorists • Psychodynamic • Sigmund Freud– psychosexual stages • Erik Erikson– epigenic model of developmental stages throughout life • Anna Freud– ego psychology and defense mechanisms

  14. Important Theorists • Object relations theory • Winnicott– good enough mother and transitional object • John Bowlby– attachment theory • Margaret Mahler– separation and individuation and rapprochement crisis • Daniel Stern– Interpersonal World of the Infant and 4 senses of self (Emergent, Core, Subjective and Verbal). Cognitive-emotional-and internal development are intertwined

  15. Development Matters

  16. Gender Matters

  17. Learning Objectives: Review • How may we advance from the nature-nurture controversy to a deeper understanding of child development? • How may understanding three major schools of thought on human development inform our work in child and adolescent psychiatry? • Which theories of human development may be most helpful in psychoeducation of a parent on appropriate discipline techniques?

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