Chapter 8 Information Systems Development & Acquisition

1. Chapter 8Information SystemsDevelopment & Acquisition

2. Chapter 8 Objectives • Understand the process of IS management • Understand the system development life cycle (SDLC) • Understand alternative approaches to system development • Understand in-house system development • Understand external acquisition, outsourcing, and end-user development

3. The Need for Structured Systems Development • Systems analysis and design – the process of designing, building, and maintaining information systems • Systems analyst • Blending technical and managerial expertise

4. The Need for Structured Systems Development • Evolution of IS development • From “art” to a “discipline” • Standardized development methods • Software engineering

5. The Need for Structured Systems Development Options for Obtaining Information Systems • Build your own • Buy a prepackaged system • Outsource development to a 3rd party • End user development

6. The Need for Structured Systems Development • Information Systems Development in Action • Breaking large complex problems into manageable pieces • Decomposing large, complex problems

7. The Need for Structured Systems Development System Construction Process • Identify a large IT problem to solve • Break the large problem into several smaller, more manageable pieces • Translate each “piece” (small problem) into computer programs • Piece together each program into an overall comprehensive IS that solves the problem

8. The Need for Structured Systems Development • The Role of Users in the Systems Development Process • Knowledgeable of needs • Effective partnership

9. Steps in the Systems Development Process

10. Steps in the Systems Development Process Systems Development Life Cycle • System identification, selection, and planning • System analysis • System design • System implementation • System maintenance

11. Steps in the Systems Development Process • Phase 1: System Identification, Selection, and Planning • Undertake only those projects critical to mission, goals, and objectives • Select a development project from all possible projects that could be performed • Different evaluation criteria used to rank potential projects

12. Steps in the Systems Development Process • Phase 1: System Identification, Selection, and Planning • Evaluation criteria • Strategic alignment • Potential benefits • Potential costs and resource availability • Project size / duration • Technical difficulty / risks

13. Steps in the Systems Development Process • Phase 2: System Analysis • Collecting System Requirements • Requirements collection • Interviews • Questionnaires • Observations • Document analysis • Critical Success Factors (CSF) • Joint Application Design (JAD)

14. Steps in the Systems Development Process • Phase 2: System Analysis • Modeling Organizational Data • Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) • Modeling Organizational Processes and Logic • Data flows • Processing logic

15. Steps in the Systems Development Process • Phase 3: System Design • Designing forms and reports • Designing interfaces and dialogues • Designing databases and files • Designing processing and logic

16. Steps in the Systems Development Process • Phase 4: System Implementation • Software programming • Software testing • Developmental • Alpha • Beta

17. Steps in the Systems Development Process • Phase 4: System Implementation • System conversion • Parallel • Direct • Phased • Pilot • System documentation, training, and support • User and reference guides • Training and tutorials • Installation procedures and troubleshooting guides

19. Steps in the Systems Development Process • Phase 5: System Maintenance • Maintenance process steps: • Obtain maintenance request • Transform requests into changes • Design changes • Implement changes

20. Steps in the Systems Development Process • Phase 5: System Maintenance • Maintenance types: • Corrective maintenance • Adaptive maintenance • Perfective maintenance • Preventive maintenance

22. Other Approaches to Designing and Building Systems • Prototyping • Rapid Application Development (RAD) • Object-Oriented Analysis & Design (OOA&D)

23. Need for Alternatives to Building Systems Yourself • Limited IS staff • IS staff has limited skill set • IS staff is overworked • Problems with performance of IS staff

24. Common Alternatives to In-house Systems Development • External acquisition • System identification, selection and planning • Systems analysis • Development of a request for proposal (RFP) • Proposal evaluation • Vendor selection

25. Common Alternatives to In-house Systems Development • Outsourcing – the practice of turning over responsibility of some to all of an organization’s information systems development and operations to an outside firm

26. Common Alternatives to In-house Systems Development • Why Outsource? • Cost and quality concerns • Problems in IS performance • Supplier pressures • Simplifying, downsizing, and reengineering • Financial factors • Organizational culture • Internal irritants

27. Common Alternatives to In-house Systems Development • Managing the IS outsourcing relationship • Strong CIO oversight • Measurement of milestones, costs, and benefits • Customer relationship management • Not all outsourcing relationships are the same • Basic relationship • Preferred relationship • Strategic relationship

28. Common Alternatives to In-house Systems Development • End-user development • Benefits of end-user development • Encouraging end-user development • End-user development pitfalls