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THE PACIFIC THEATRE

THE PACIFIC THEATRE. ORIGINS & THE EARLY YEARS, 1931-1941. TIMELINE. 1922: Washington Naval Treaty 1931: The Manchurian Incident 1937: Japan Invades China 1939: Battle of Khalkin-Gol ; Soviets defeat Japanese July,1940: Hideki Tojo becomes Minister of War

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THE PACIFIC THEATRE

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  1. THE PACIFIC THEATRE ORIGINS & THE EARLY YEARS, 1931-1941

  2. TIMELINE • 1922: Washington Naval Treaty • 1931: The Manchurian Incident • 1937: Japan Invades China • 1939: Battle of Khalkin-Gol ; Soviets defeat Japanese • July,1940: Hideki Tojo becomes Minister of War • Sept., 1940: Tripartite Pact signed • April,1941: Japan-Soviet Neutrality Treaty signed • December 7, 1941: Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor

  3. JAPANESE EXPANSION: ORIGINS • ANTI-WESTERN FEELINGS: • JAPAN’S MISTRUST OF WESTERN/EUROPEAN ACTIONS • ROOTED IN 16TH/17TH CENTURY COLONIZATION OF ASIA • WHY? FEARFUL OF EFFECT ON JAPAN’s SOCIAL STRUCTURE • EXAMPLE: THE SAMURAI (WARRIOR) CLASS FEARED LOSING POWER IF EUROPEAN DEMOCRATIC IDEAS INTRODUCED • JAPAN’s REACTION: ADOPT WESTERN TECHNOLOGY, BUT KEEP IT CONTROLLED BY JAPANESE • EXAMPLE: FIREARMS & NAVAL TECHNOLOGY WOULD BE CONTOLLED / DIRECTED BY THE SAMURAI • RESULT? • LATE 1800’s = JAPAN HAS DEVELOPED WESTERN-STYLE ARMY & NAVY • 1904-05: JAPAN WINS RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR • 1914-18: WWI = JAPAN FIGHTS FOR ALLIES • BUT…VERSAILLES TREATY FORCES JAPAN TO GIVE UP TERRITORY WON IN RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR • 1922: WASHINGTON NAVAL TREATY • JAPAN IS DESIGNATED A “SECOND-LEVEL” MILITARY POWER • JAPAN HAS # OF BATTLESHIPS LIMITED TO 3/5 of WWI ALLIES • WHAT IS THE EFFECT ON JAPANESE MENTALITY? • JAPAN IS INSULTED, SUFFERS LOSS OF “FACE” (define) • JAPAN WANTS TO ERADICATE INSULTS / LIMITATIONS

  4. JAPANESE EXPANSION: ORIGINS (cont’d.) • 1920’s / 1930’s: PROBLEMS IN JAPAN • JAPAN CANNOT FEED ITSELF • JAPAN DOESN’T HAVE ENOUGH RAW MATERIALS • EXAMPLE: • METALS • RUBBER • OIL • JAPAN’s ARMY IS EXTREMELY NATIONALISTIC, RACIST, & AGGRESSIVE • SOLUTION? • TERRITORIAL EXPANSION • RESOURCES SHIPPED BACK TO JAPAN FOR PRODUCTION • EXPAND WHERE? • 2 POSSIBILITIES: “NORTH” or “SOUTH” PLAN • #1: CHINA (especially Manchuria) • #2: S.E. ASIA (Indochina, Indonesia)

  5. JAPANESE EXPANSION: ORIGINS (cont’d.) • 1930’s: EXPANSION INTO CHINA BEGINS • 1931: THE MANCHURIAN INCIDENT: JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA • RESULT? • JAPAN NOW HAS FOOTHOLD IN MANCHURIA / CHINA • JAPAN’s ARMY IS GROWING MORE POWERFUL • NO INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE • DOES THIS SOUND FAMILIAR? • 1937: JAPAN MOVES INTO CHINA PROPER • RESULT? FULL-SCALE INVASION HAS BEGUN • JAPANESE INVASION IS BRUTAL & HIGHLY RACIST • EXAMPLE? • DEC., 1937 RAPE OF NANKING • 1939: BATTLE OF KHALKIN-GOL(MONGOLIA) • SOVIETS DEFEAT JAPANESE • JAPANESE ABANDON “NORTH” PLAN • WHY? • SEPT., 1940: TRIPARTITE PACT SIGNED • RESULT? • JAPAN, GERMANY, ITALY ARE ALLIES • JAPAN ANNOUNCES “GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE”

  6. JAPANESE EXPANSION & CONQUEST, 1870 - 1942

  7. JAPANESE-HELD ZONES,CHINA, 1941

  8. JAPAN’s MILITARY MENTALITY • BASED ON ANCIENT CULTURAL IDEAS: • EMPEROR IS A god • SAMURAI (WARRIOR-NOBLES) CLASS SERVES EMPEROR • SAMURAI VALUES DOMINATE SOCIETY • CODE OF “BUSHIDO” • ALL PEOPLE SERVE THE EMPEROR & THE NATION • TO SACRIFICE YOUR LIFE FOR THE EMPEROR AND NATION IS THE HIGHEST POSSIBLE HONOR • TO SURRENDER OR BE CAPTURED IS DISHONORABLE AND DISGRACEFUL TO… • THE EMPEROR • YOUR ANCESTORS • YOUR FAMILY • YOU • THEREFORE, DEATH IS PREFERABLE TO FAILURE/SURRENDER • ADDITIONAL IDEAS: • OTHER RACES/NATIONS ARE BENEATH JAPANESE • PRISONERS ARE DISHONORABLE & UNWORTHY OF RESPECT • PROBLEMS WITH THIS IDEA?

  9. SAMURAI IN ARMOUR, 1860

  10. SAMURAI SWORD COMPONENTS

  11. SAMURAI WITH RETAINERS, 1860

  12. JAPANESE TROOPS MOVING TOWARDS NANKING, 1937

  13. JAPANESE TROOPSHOLDING BAYONETPRACTICE ON CHINESEPRISONERS,NANKING, CHINA, 1937

  14. JAPANESEBAYONETPRACTICE,CHINA, 1937

  15. CHINESE PRISONERS BEINGBURIED ALIVE BYJAPANESE TROOPS,NANKING, CHINA,1937

  16. CHINESE PRISONERS BEING BEHEADEDBY JAPANESENANKING, CHINA, 1937

  17. JAPANESE OFFICER WITH EXECUTION VICTIMS , NANKING, CHINA, 1937

  18. JAPANESE NEWSPAPER,TOKYO NICHI NICHISHIMBUNARTICLE REPORTING UPDATE ON NANJINGKILLING “CONTEST”1937“INCREDIBLE RECORD IN CONTEST TO KILL 100 PEOPLE WITH SWORD; BOTH 2nd LIEUTENANTS GO INTO EXTRA INNINGS.”2Lt. Toshiaki Mukai (Left)2 Lt. Tsuyoshi Noda (Right)

  19. JAPANESE EXPANSION: ORIGINS (cont’d.) • GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE: • ANOTHER NAME FOR JAPAN’s EMPIRE • TOJO WAS PRIMARY SUPPORTER OF IDEA • ASIAN WOULD BE FREE OF WESTERN DOMINATION • JAPAN WOULD BE LEAD POWER • PROBLEM: • WESTERN NATIONS HAD TO BE MOVED OUT OF ASIA • CHINA WAS CLOSELY ALLIED TO U.S. & BRITS. • AUSTRALIA WAS/IS BASICALLY A WESTERN NATION • EXPANSION WOULD LEAD DIRECTLY TO WAR W/ WESTERN NATIONS • SOLUTION? • DEMAND, AND RECEIVE, WESTERN AGREEMENTS TO MOVE OUT OF ASIA, • OR… • ATTACK & TAKE OUT U.S., BRITISH, FRENCH MILITARY FORCES IN ASIA QUICKLY

  20. PREPARING FOR WAR • 1941: • U.S. BEGINS EMBARGO ON JAPAN: OIL, METAL SHIPMENTS TO JAPAN ARE TERMINATED • WHY? U.S. PROTESTS JAPANESE WAR IN CHINA • U.S. BEGINS SECRETLY SENDING SUPPLIES TO CHINESE • TOJO BECOMES JAPANESE PRIME MINISTER • JULY, ‘41: • FRENCH ALLOW JAPANESE TO ENTER INDOCHINA • U.S. TIGHTENS EMBARGO ON JAPAN • JAPAN’s TRADE CUT BY 75% • JAPAN OFFERS U.S. 2 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO AVOID WAR: • JAPAN WOULD WITHDRAW FROM CHINA IN 25 YEARS • JAPAN WOULD WITHDRAW FROM INDOCHINA IF U.S. SELLS JAPAN 1 MILLION TONS OF AVIATION FUEL

  21. PREPARING FOR WAR • U.S. DEMANDS: • JAPAN MUST WITHDRAW FROM CHINA • “ “ INDOCHINA • JAPAN MUST RECOGNIZE CHAING KAI-SHEK AS THE LEGITIMATE HEAD OF CHINA • JAPAN MUST LEAVE THE TRIPARTITE PACT • JAPAN’s RESPONSE: • U.S. TERMS ARE UNACCEPTABLE • NOV. 25 – JAPANESE FORCES HEAD FOR… • PEARL HARBOR • PHILIPPINES • S.E. ASIA • INDONESIA • DEC. 7, 1941: PEARL HARBOR ATTACKED

  22. HIDEKI TOJO, MINISTER OF WAR, PRIME MINISTER OF JAPAN

  23. HIDEKI TOJOMINISTER OF WAR,PRIME MINISTER,EMPIRE OF JAPAN

  24. EMPEROR HIROHITO

  25. HIROHITO,EMPEROR OF JAPAN

  26. ISORUKU YAMAMOTO

  27. AXIS GLOBAL STRATEGY, 1941-42

  28. “IF I AM TOLD TO FIGHT REGARDLESS OF THE CONSEQUENCES, I SHALL RUN WILD FOR THE FIRST SIX MONTHS OR A YEAR, BUT I HAVE UTTERLY NO CONFIDENCE FOR THE SECOND OR THIRD YEAR. • ADMIRAL ISOROKU YAMAMOTO

  29. PEARL HARBOR • REASONS FOR ATTACK: • JAPANESE PLAN TO NEUTRALIZE U.S. BATTLE FLEET AT OUTSET • JAPANESE PLAN TO DESTROY U.S. CARRIER FORCES • NEED TO ALLOW OTHER JAPANESE ASSAULTS (Indonesia, Philippines, etc.) TO NOT BE THREATENED • ATTACK: • I.J.N. ASSAULT FLEET ATTACKS EARLY A.M., DEC. 7, 1941 • ASSAULT PLANES ARE SPOTTED BY U.S. RADAR • RADAR WARNINGS ARE IGNORED BY AMERICANS • ATTACK BEGINS @ 7:50AM PDT (approx.) • PRIMARY TARGETS: • U.S. BATTLESHIPS • U.S. AIRFIELDS & PLANES • U.S. ARICRAFT CARRIERS (not at Pearl Harbor – at sea) • RESULTS: • 5 MAJOR BATTLESHIPS SUNK • 4 HEAVILY DAMAGED • 188 U.S. AIRCRAFT DESTROYED • 2,345 MILITARY KIA • 1,247 MILITARY WIA • 57 CIVILIANS KILLED • JAPANESE LOSSES: 27 AIRCRAFT DESTROYED, 55 AIRMEN KILLED • DEC. 8, 1941: U.S. DECLARES WAR ON JAPAN; U.S. IS NOW OFFICIALLY IN WORLD WAR II

  30. PEARLHARBOR NAVAL BASE,DEC., 1941

  31. JAPANESE FIGHTERS TAKING OFF FROM CARRIER HIRYU, DEC. 7, 1941

  32. NAKAJIMA BN5 “KATE” TORPEDO BOMBER

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