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Important Terms & Notes

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15 diapositives · 301 Views · Aug 04, 2014

This outline covers essential principles of thermodynamics, focusing on heat movement and energy conversion. Key topics include the definitions of absolute temperature scales (Kelvin and Celsius), the First Law of Thermodynamics, and work-energy relationships within closed systems. It emphasizes that energy cannot be created or destroyed and provides class problem sets with practical examples. Additionally, it introduces the concepts of adiabatic processes, refrigeration cycles, and the Carnot efficiency, along with entropy as a measure of disorder in energy systems.

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  1. Important Terms & Notes Conceptual Physics Mar. 12, 2014

  2. Chapter 24 Review QuestionsQuestions 1 - 8 • Greek meaning: Movement of Heat • Thermodynamics is concerned with Macroscopic processes. • Lowest possible temperatures: a. On Kelvin scale : 0° K b. On Celsius Scale: -273° C • Temperature of Melting Ice on the Absolute Scale: +273 ° K

  3. Chapter 24 Review QuestionsQuestions 1 -8 (cont.) • Temperature of Boiling Water on the Absolute Scale: +373 ° K Centigrade Scale: 100 ° C • Energy cannot be created nor destroyed; therefore , Energy (Heat) added to a system can only change to an equal amount of another form of energy. ΔQ = ΔE +W

  4. Chapter 24 Review QuestionsQuestions 1 -8 (cont.) 6. Work done on a system should result in an increase of the Internal Energy of that System. The temperature of that system should increase as well since the average kinetic energy of the system has increased. 7. ΔQ = ΔEi + W 8. Work done on a system should result in an increase in the Internal Energy of that System. Work done by a system should result in an decrease in the Internal Energy of that System.

  5. Thermodynamics Class Problem Set #1 - 1 • In a given system 50J of heat is added to the system but NO work is done by the system. What is the system’s increase in Internal Energy? ΔQ = ΔEi + W ΔEi = ΔQ - W ΔQ = 50J W=0 ΔEi = ΔQ - W = 50J - 0 = 50J

  6. Thermodynamics Class Problem Set1- 2 • If 125J of thermal energy is added to a system, how much work can be performed if the internal energy increases by 37J? ΔQ = ΔEi + W W = ΔQ - ΔEi ΔQ = 125J, ΔEi= 37J W = 125J – 37J =88J

  7. Thermodynamics Class Problem Set1 - 3 • A given system has performed 735J of work. Its internal Energy increased by 235J. How much energy was added to this system? ΔQ = ΔEi + W ΔE = 235J, W = 735J ΔQ = 235J + 735J = 970J

  8. First Law of Thermodynamics • Heat added to a system is transformed into an equal amount of some other form of energy. • A version of the Law of Energy Conversion ΔQ = ΔEi + W

  9. Adiabatic • The term applied to the expansion or compression of a gas occurring without the gain or loss of heat. • Example: The process within the cylinders of an internal combustion (Automobile) Engine

  10. Second Law of Thermodynamics • Heat will never of itself flow from one object to another of higher temperature. • Heat will not flow from Cold to Hot without work being performed.

  11. The Refrigeration Cycle

  12. Energy Interchange in a Refrigerator’s Cooling Cycle • Heat is taken in from the inner compartment as the Refrigerant (liquid) evaporates in the pipes (Evaporator) and changes phase to vapor. • The vapor is compressed and then pumped through a heat exchanger pipe assembly (Condenser) where heat is given up to the outside environment allowing the vapor to condense into liquid.

  13. Heat Engine A Device that Changes Internal Energy into Mechanical Energy

  14. Carnot Efficiency • The Ideal maximum percentage of input energy that can be converted into work in a heat engine. • Ideal Efficiency = (Thot – Tcold)/Thot

  15. Entropy • A measure of the amount of disorder in a system. ΔS = Δ Q/T