The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution

2. The Industrial Revolution • 1760 – 1830 • Began in England – not France. Why? • Had a longer-lasting effect on Europe and the world than did the French Revolution. Why? • More than technology • Most far-reaching transformation of society since the beginning of farming 10,000 years ago.

3. Comparison: England and France in 1700

4. Early 18th Century: French Economic Advantages • Very Few! • Absolute Monarchy • Economic policy is still mercantilist • Colonial Empire dwindling due to war and shrinking national treasury • Great divide between rich and poor, privileged and not

5. French Economic Disadvantages • Years of war • American Revolution • French Revolution • Napoleonic Wars • Heavy debts • High unemployment • Soldiers returning from the battlefronts • Uncertainty • Investors afraid to take risks

6. Early 19th Century: French Economic Advantages • By 1815, France was ready to compete (but it was too late) • Napoleonic Code • Uniform and clear commercial regulations, laws • Standardized weights and measures • Technical schools • Government support of inventors, encouragement for inventions • Bank of France • European model • Reliable currency

7. So, it’s England First                                                                 1:2 |    image

8. Industrial England: "Workshop of the World" That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

9. The Enclosure Movement Better farming techniques = more productive farms Land is “enclosed” (private property, not “commons” Death of “cottage industry” Pushes farm laborers to cities

10. “Enclosed” Lands Today In 1700, 80% of the British workforce was involved in farming. By 1900, only 10% of the British workforce was involved in farming.

11. Abundance of Natural Resources Vast localsupplies of coal, iron, lead, copper, tin, limestone and water power Many centers of economic development International business = more capital Investments in coal and wool

13. Political and Economic Stability • Stable since 1688 (Glorious Revolution) • Protestant work ethic (legacy of Calvinism) • Stable economic system, solid banking and lending system

14. Transportation System • Extensive system of roads • Roads difficult to travel on in wet weather • Extensive system of canals • Rivers and ports

15. Transportation before the Industrial Revolution One of the first railroads (1830s)

16. Canals Widespread, but slow

17. Demand for British Goods Huge demand for British goods from Europe, the US, Asia, and Africa. 1800: 60% of British goods were sold to the US. (US had not yet developed an strong industrial society.) Britain also sold goods to its colonies.

18. The British Empire (in pink) A very large market.

19. Sources of Energy

20. Water Power • Must be on a water source • Limited by seasonal flow of water • Widespread in 18th century

21. Forests (or lack of) • Henry VIII: wool industry is so profitable, land is cleared to make pasture • Severe shortage of forests by 1550 • Shortage of building materials • Shortage of fuel source • Forces use of coal by 1570s • Coal mining industry is born

22. Coal • Greatest symbol of the Industrial Revolution

23. Young Coal Miners

24. Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

25. The Factory System

26. Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory System” • 1775: Built cottages close to factory and brought workers from other counties • Women and children worked in the factories. Men wove cloth at home. • 2/3 of his employees were children • Refused to hire children under 6 • Manchester is home

27. Time Saving Inventions Spinning wheel – only one person can operate it at a time. The Spinning Jenny: Can spin wool into yarn 8 times faster than a spinning wheel. Only one person to operate.

28. Factory Production Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor] Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets] Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor

29. Textile Factory Workers in England The problem for workers: more workers = low wages

30. The Factory System • Rigid schedule • 12-14 hour day • Dangerous conditions • Mind-numbing monotony

31. Textile Factory Workers in England

32. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

33. Upstairs/Downstairs Life

34. British Coin for Factory Store, 1812

35. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

36. New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

37. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle” 1733 Made spinning cloth quicker Only 1 worker needed Increased need for yarn Domino Effect: Increased demand gives birth to the new textile industry

38. The Power Loom 1784 Biggest loom yet One employee per loom “Easy enough for a woman to operate”

39. Steam Engine 1769, James Watts Very efficient Used to power pumps for coal mines and most other technological advances

40. Steam Locomotive First built in 1801 First commercial steam locomotive operated in 1825 Traveled as fast as 12 miles per hour First commercial run also featured first railroad fatality

42. “The Great Land Serpent”

43. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 “Thenew industrial utopia” Arrogant display of British accomplishments Highlighted British Fortune – economically and politically Began “golden age” of British Empire

44. British Ingenuity on Display

45. The "Haves”

46. 19th Century Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche Gentry is replaced by commoners who have money. They “infiltrate” proper society, but are seen as lacking in manners.

47. Jane Austen • Late 1700s/Early 1800s • Comical yet realistic look at social issues of the day: • Women and lack of rights • Rising middle class values • End of elitism for older, established families • Plight of poor in a middle class society

48. The "Have-Nots”

49. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

50. Industrial Staffordshire