Chapter 8 RELIGION and REFORM 1812-1860

1. Chapter 8RELIGION and REFORM1812-1860 How did the Second Great Awakening lead to several reform efforts, and what effect did those reform efforts have on American society?

2. Standards • c. Describe reform movements, specifically temperance, abolitionism, and public school. • d. Explain women’s efforts to gain the suffrage, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Seneca Falls Conference.

3. A Religious AwakeningSection 1 How did the Second Great Awakening affect life in the United States? Vocabulary: Second Great Awakening Mormon revivalist Unitarian Charles Grandison Finney utopian community evangelical Transcendentalist Joseph Smith Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau

4. A Religious Awakening Sec 1: A Religious Awakening The Second Great Awakening Changes America Main Idea:In the early 1800s, some Protestant preachers believed that Americans had become immoral and religious participation was crucial to the country’s future. This led to the Second Great Awakening, which lasted for nearly half the century. Non-Protestants Suffer Discrimination Main Idea:The preachers of the Second Great Awakening were Protestant. By the mid-1800s, well over half of all Americans were also Protestant. Non-Protestants were in the distinct minority and faced discrimination. Utopias and Transcendentalism Main Idea: In the early 1800s, many Americans turned to Protestant churches, while some formed new religious groups. Still others, including the Utopians, Shakers, and Transcendentalists, sought different routes to try to fashion a more perfect society.

5. Middle Class Reform

6. Reading Skill:Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas

7. Growing Interest in Religion TRANSPARENCY Transparency: Growing Interest in Religion

8. Mormon Migrations, 1830-1848 MAP Map: Mormon Migrations 1830-1848

9. Religious Discrimination • Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints; Brigham Young leads the Mormans to Utah after Joseph Smith is killed • Catholics – some Americans questioned the loyalty of these immigrants; some Catholics worked for low wages, taking jobs from other workers • Jewish People faced discrimination, were barred from holding political office, and were ostracized.

10. Utopian Communities • Small societies dedicated to perfection in social and political conditions • New Harmony, Indiana – Robert Owen/ Brook Farm near Boston • Fellvictim to laziness, selfishness, and quarreling • Shakers – no marriage or children

11. Brook Farm: Living the Utopian Dream INFOGRAPHIC Infographic: Brook Farm: Living the Utopian Dream

12. Communal Societies Before 1860 MAP Map: Communal Societies Before 1860

13. Transcendentalists • Believed that humans could transcend their senses to learn of the world • Believed that individuals should listen to nature to learn the truth about the universe • Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote Nature (1836); people could get closer to God through nature’ • Henry David Thoreau wrote Walden, describing his experiences living near Walden Pond for two years

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15. A Reforming SocietySection 2 • What were the main features of the public school, penitentiary, and temperance reform movements? • Vocabulary: public school movement Horace Mann penitentiary movement Neal Dow Dorothea Dix temperance movement

16. A Reforming Society Sec 2: A Reforming Society Reforming Education Main Idea:Other reforms in the Second Great Awakening were in the field of education, including the public school movement. This was an argument to establish tax-supported public schools. Helping the Ill and Imprisoned Main Idea:Americans who had little or no voice in how they were treated were of special concern to many reformers. That was one reason why many reformers worked tirelessly to help Americans who were imprisoned or mentally ill. The Temperance Movement Main Idea:Many reformers blamed alcohol abuse for the industrial era’s problems. As a result, reformers launched the temperance movement, an organized effort to end alcohol abuse and its associated problems.

17. Reading Skill: Understand Effects NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Understand Effects

18. Horace Mann • School reformer from Massachusetts • State board of education • Proposed free public schools, required attendance, adequate school funding • Fought to end corporal punishment

19. Mentally Ill and Prisoners • Dorothea Dix visited prisons, alms houses, and hospitals • Reforms in prisons • Helped to establish mental hospitals in 15 states and in Canada • Reforms for disabled people

20. Temperance Movement • Effort to end alcohol abuse • Many wanted prohibition • Neal Dow helped pass the “Maine Law” restricting the sale of alcohol

21. Political Cartoons: The Temperance Movement TRANSPARENCY Political Cartoons: The Temperance Movement

22. The Antislavery MovementSection 3 • How did reformers try to help enslaved people? • Vocabulary: freedman William Lloyd Garrison Nat Turner Frederick Douglas abolition movement Gag Rule

23. The Antislavery Movement Sec 3: The Antislavery Movement Life Under Slavery Main Idea:Slaves, who numbered about 2 million by 1830, struggled in their lives of captivity, knowing that they were at the mercy of slaveholders. The Lives of Free Blacks Main Idea:Despite their freedom, free blacks suffered from persistent racial discrimination. The Fight Against Slavery Main Idea:By 1804, all states north of Maryland had passed legislation to end slavery. In 1807, bringing new slaves to any part of the United States from Africa was banned. Still, slavery was an established institution in the South, where slaves played an important role in the economy. Working Against Abolition Main Idea:Despite the growing call of abolitionists, most Americans continued to support slavery. The voices against abolition came from both the slave states of the South and the free states of the North. Continued…

24. Antislavery Movement • Abolitionist Movement • Movement to end slavery • The Roots • Christianity • Ending importation of slaves 1808 • Slave Revolts • Liberia • American Colonization Society • Radical Abolitionism • William Lloyd Garrison • The Liberator

25. Reading Skill: Summarize NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Summarize

26. African Americans in the South TRANSPARENCY Transparency: African Americans in the South

27. Reading Skill: Contrast NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Contrast

29. William Lloyd Garrison • Published a newspaper named The Liberator • Advocated emancipation of slaves • American Anti-Slavery Society had 150,000 members by 1840

30. Antislavery Movement • Frederick DouglassNorth Star; Life and Times of Frederick Douglass • Divisions • Women participation • Grimké Sisters • Racial divisions • White people could not understand desperation • Underground RR • Harriet Tubman • Resistance to Abolitionism • Opposition in the North • Opposition in the South • Gag Rule

31. COMPARING VIEWPOINT Should Slavery Be Abolished? Comparing Viewpoints: Should Slavery Be Abolished?

32. Free African Americans • By 1840 slavery had been outlawed in the North • American Colonization Society (SCS) • Formed to encourage free African Americans to move to Liberia, Africa • 1,100 people from the U.S. migrated there

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34. The Women’s MovementSection 4 • What steps did American women take to advance their rights in the mid-1800s? • Vocabulary: matrilineal Seneca Falls Convention Sojourner Truth Amelia Bloomer women’s movement suffrage Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Married Women’s Property Act

35. The Women’s Movement Women Work for Change Main Idea:In the 1800s, American women’s freedoms and rights were sharply limited. Their idealized domestic existence was too limiting for many women. Largely as a result of the Second Great Awakening, women of the early 1800s began to take on more active roles in public life. Women Begin the Fight for Rights Main Idea:Real progress in women’s rights began in the 1830s when many urban middle-class northern women began to hire poor women to do their housework and had more time to think about the society in which they wanted to raise their children. At this same time, women began to see their own social restrictions as being comparable to slavery and began to work for rights. Women Convene in Seneca Falls Main Idea:The 1848 Seneca Falls Convention attracted hundreds of men and women, including Frederick Douglass. The convention resulted in few concrete improvements in women’s rights. It did, however, mark the beginning of the women’s movement in the United States.

36. Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects

37. Political and Economic Status of Women in the Early 1800s CHART Chart: Political and Economic Status of Women in the Early 1800s

38. History-Makers of the Early Women’s Movement INFOGRAPHIC Infographic: History-Makers of the Early Women’s Movement

39. Women’s Rights • Harriet Beecher Stowe • Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Catherine Beecher • Women can improve society through their roles as wives, mothers, and teachers • Dorothea Dix – prison reform • Sojourner Truth • Abolitionist who preached for Women’s Rights as well as abolition of slavery • Seneca Falls Convention 1848 • Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott • 1st organized women’s rights convention; women’s suffrage • The Declaration of Sentiments

40. Political Cartoons: Seneca Falls Convention TRANSPARENCY Transparency: Seneca Falls Convention

41. Tensions Between North and South • Reform Movements produced Conflict between N and S – Why? • Churches divide (N and S) over Antislavery movement – Why? • Traditional roles for women and schools were revered in the South – Why? • Southerners were offended by the Northern perspective of an immoral culture – Why?

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