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Circulatory system

Discover the structure and functions of the circulatory system, including blood vessels, the heart, and lymphatics. Learn about the different types of arteries and veins, the microcirculatory bed, and the role of the lymphatic system. Explore the anatomy of the heart and its various chambers. Gain a deeper understanding of the immune and hemopoietic organs, including the red and yellow bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Dive into the world of endocrine regulation and hormone activity.

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Circulatory system

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  1. Circulatory system 1. Circulatory system 2. Blood vascular system 3. Blood vessels: a) Arteries; b) Veins; c) Microcirculatory bed 4. Lymphatics 5. Heart

  2. Scheme of vessel’s wall1. Intima:a) endothelium; b) subendothelial layer2. Media (sm. myocytes+ fibers) 3. Adventitia (loose con. tissue)

  3. 1. Intima:a) Endothelium; b) Subendothelial layer; c) Internal elastic lamina2. Media(sm. myocytes+ fibers) 3. Adventitia(loose con. tissue+ vasavasorum)

  4. Elastic artery1. Large endothelial cells2. Subendothelial layer (myointimal cells)3. Elastic fibers predominate

  5. Muscular artery1. Thin intima 2. Myocytes predominate 3. Internal elastic lamina well defined

  6. Artery-vein1. Thin wall2. Bigger diameter (irregular shape)3. Collagen fibers (laminas) 4. Adventitia thick5. Walves

  7. Microcirculatory bed

  8. Capillaries: somatic, visceral, sinusoidal

  9. Anastomoses • AVA functions are the next: 1.Regulation (correction) of the blood pressure. 2.Blood supplying of organs. 3.Venous blood saturation with oxygen. 4.Blood withdrawing from the depot. 5.Regulation of the tissues fluid passage to the venous bed. Types: typical+ nontypical

  10. Lymphatic vessels

  11. Heart

  12. HEART1. Endocardium (endothelium, subendothelial layer, fibro-muscularand external connective tissue layer)2. Myocardium(contractile, conductive,secretory myocytes)3. Epicardium4. Pericardium

  13. Immune and hemopoietic organs Hemopoietic organs classification. Сommon featuresof hemopoietic organs Red bone marrow Yellow and mucous bone marrow Involution of thymus Spleen Lymph nodes

  14. Hemopoietic organs Central -antigenindependent • Red bone marrow • Thymus Peripheral -antigendependent • Spleen • Lymph nodes • MALT • Appendices • Peyer’s patches

  15. General features 3. Functions • Hematopoiesis • Deposition • Protective • Elimination 1. Origin - mesenchyme 2. Structure a. Stroma Reticular tissue Sinusoids Macrophages b. Parenchyma Myeloid tissue Lymphoid tissue

  16. Stromal cellsParenchyma • Reticular cells hemopoietic islets: • Osteogenic cells erythropoietic • Adipocytes trombopoietic • Adventitial cells granulocytopoietic • Endothelial cells agranulocytopoieti • Macrophages

  17. Red bone marrow

  18. Granulo-cyto-poiesis

  19. Trombo-cyto-poietic islet

  20. Thymus Functions 1.Antigen-independent proliferation of T-lymphocytes2. Endocrine Stroma -- epithelio-reticular tissueParenchyma-lymphoid tissue

  21. MFU – lobule (cortex, medulla)Hematothymic barrier1. Endothelium2. Basement membrane3. Epithelio-reticulocyte4 Perivascular space with macrophages

  22. Spleenred pulp + white pulp

  23. Spleenic blood circulation(opened and closed)

  24. Lymph node

  25. Lymph nodecortex (follicles) +paracortex+ medullary cords

  26. Endocrine system 1. Neuro-endocrine-immune regulation. 2. Hormones and mechanisms of their activity. 3. Endocrine organs classification. 4. Central endocrine organs: а) hypothalamus; б) pituitary; в) epiphysis. 5.Peripheral endocrine glands: thyroid, parathyroid

  27. Neuro-endocrine-immune regulation Nerve system Liberins and statins cytokins neurotransmitters hormones Immune system Endocrine system corticoateroids

  28. Endocrine glands peculiarities1. Stroma + parenchyma.2. Endocrine cells.3. Ductless glands.4. Well developed microcirculatory bed with fenestrated capillaries • Hormones • 1.Proteins derivatives • 2.Especially active • 3.Selective influence on “target-cells” • Mechanisms of hormones activity1. Cell membrane permeability changes • 2. Activation of intracellular processes3. Influence on the chromosomes

  29. Parenchymal unites of endocrine glands1.Lobule2.Trabecula3.Follicle Central organs:hypothalamus, hypophysis, epiphysis Peripheral glands:1. Endocrine : а) pituitarydependent (thyroid; adrenal cortex); b) pituitaryindependent (parathyroid). 2. Mixed (mammary, testes, ovaries, Langerhans islets) 3. Diffuse endocrine system

  30. Anterior hypothalamus(large cholinergic cells): а) supraoptical nuclei – antidiuretic hormone;b) paraventricular nuclei - oxytocin. • Middle hypothalamus -5 pares of nuclei • (small adrenergic cells) • (ventromedial, dorsomedial, arcuate, suprahiasmatic та preoptic zone)- relising factors (liberins and statins)

  31. Hypothalamo-adenohypophysial systemHypothalamo-nerohypophysial system

  32. Будова гіпофіза

  33. Adenopituitary:trabecules1. Acidophils– somatotrophs- andmammotrophs.2.Basophils – thyrotrophs and gonadotrophs.3. Intermediate cells – adrenocorticotropocytes.1. Melanotrophs 2. LipotrophsNeuropituitary:pituicytes + axovasal synapses (Herrings bodies)

  34. Epiphysis(pineal gland)lobulespinealocytes: light and dark + astrocytes Corpora arenacea Parathyrocytes cords Trabecules

  35. Thyroid glandstructural unit - follicle

  36. Parafollicular cellscalcitoninocytes

  37. Parathyroid glandsstructural unit – cord(chief cells and oxyphilic cells)

  38. Adrenal glands

  39. Cortex(adrenocorticocytes)Zona glomerulosaZona fasciculatazona reticulosa Medulla Epinephrocytes and norepinephrocytes

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