Bellringer

1. Bellringer • What does absolutism mean? What does divine right mean? • What was the Scientific Revolution? List two scientific revolutionists and what they did. • What was the Enlightenment? List three Enlightenment thinkers and what they believed.

2. Socrative Warm-up • Either download the student app for Socrative • Or go to www.socrative.com and login as a student

3. They Call it a Revolution….English (1689), US(1776), French (1789), Haitian (1791) and Latin American (1808-1825) Revolution Chapter 22,23 Ms. Altman

4. The Glorious Revolution (in England) • James II new Monarch • Cause: He is unpopular because of his Catholicism and his absolutist policies. • James has a son (male heir). Protestants (majority of parliament) are afraid his son will want to spread Catholicism. • Parliament overthrows James II. They ask James’ daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William (both protestants), to take the English throne. They arrive as James is fleeing to France. • Result: William of Orange and his wife Mary assume leadership of England. Created a Limited Monarchy.

5. Results from the Glorious Revolution • Known as the “Bloodless revolution”******** • dissolved old beliefs about the divine rights of kings • Est. Parliament as the ultimate power w/n the British government • Laid the foundation of England’s constitutional monarchy (king or queen is limited by laws)

6. An English Bill of Rights is created • To make clear of the limits to royal power, Parliament drafted a Bill of Rights in 1689. This document listed many things the ruler could not do. • No suspending of Parliaments laws • No levying of taxes w/o grant from Parliament • No interfering with freedom of speech • This creates a Constitutional Monarchy

7. American Revolution (fill in WKST) Causes: • Increasing population and prosperity -A new sense of identity was growing in the colonists mind • British Laws and Acts -taxation without representation • Enlightenment Ideas -Used enlightenment ideas to justify independence. They asked for same political rights as the people in Britain. • Effects: • Declaration of Independence • Constitution • Bill of Rights

8. American Revolution videos • No more kings! If time…. • Preamble • I’m just a bill

9. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

10. The French Revolution Causes Peasants lost ½ their income to taxes. French nobles were exempt from paying taxes. Shortage in grain led to sharp increases in the price of bread (poor peoples main food source) King Louis XIV’s lavish lifestyle left a massive public debt (Poor Economy) Cost of helping the American’s win their revolution worsened the economy. (Poor Economy) The previous King, Louis the XV, was a weak and indecisive ruler

11. Calling the Estates General • By the Spring of 1789 the French Government faced the imminent threat of bankruptcy. • Louis’ solution… Raise the taxes! He suggests that the nobles pay taxes…. • The assembly (made up of Nobles) refused his suggestion • They called a meeting of all three estates to vote on what to do.

12. France Vs. France (causes) French society was divided between three estates 1) The Clergy (Catholic Bishops, priests, etc) 2) The Nobility (rich, land-owning aristocrats) which occupied many of the nations positions of leadership and influence 3) Consisted of the more common classes and made up the majority of the population. Included Peasants, Shopkeepers, farmers and the Bourgeoisie (French middle class) When voting each estate usually gets one vote. The first two estates vote the same and “bully” the second estate into doing what they want them to do. The third estate, sick of falling into this trap, demanded that all 3 estates meet together and every delegate get a vote. When the king refused, the third estate declared itself the true National Assembly and met nearby in an indoor tennis court.

13. Tennis Court Oath • The Third Estate met in the tennis court, in defiance of King Louis’ XVI order to disperse. Instead they took an oath that they would not leave until that had drafted a constitution. • The Tennis Court Oath marked the beginning of the French Revolution. • Soon after nobles and members of the Clergy, who favored reform, joined the third estate delegates

14. Declaration of the Rights of Man • The National Assembly abolished the privileges of the first and second Estates and adopted a Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. • Based partially on the Declaration of Independence, it contained many Enlightenment ideas. • Declaration of the Rights of Man • Written in 1789 • States that all men have natural rights • Declares the job of government to protect the natural rights of the people • Guarantees all male citizens equality under the law • States that people are free to practice any religion they choose. • Promises to tax people according to how much they can afford

15. A Revolution begins • On July 14 1789, a mob of working class people, already rioting about the price of bread,searching for gunpowder and arms stormed the Bastille, a Paris prison. The mob overwhelmed the guard and seized control of the building. • The attackers hacked several of the guards to death and then paraded around the streets with the dead men’s heads on a long pole. • Ever since July 14th is known as Bastille Day, it is similar to our 4th of July. • This attack claimed the lives of about 100 people

16. “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” • By 1791 the assembly had written a constitution and established a limited monarchy. • Many European rulers and nobles feared that revolutionary ideas would spread to their own countries. • They threatened to intervene-with military force if necessary. • France Declares war on Austria, Prussia, Britain, and several other states. • In 1792 radicals took control of the Assembly, ended the monarchy, and declared France a republic.

17. ‘The Terror’ • Louis XVI gets tried for treason, found guilty, and beheaded in 1793. • The period following Louis’s exectution became known as ‘The Terror’ • Maximillien Robespierre- leader of the Committee of Public Safety. • Robespierre basically become dictator of France. • The state executed as many as 40,000 Frenchmen on the guillotine in one year! • Robespierre executed in July, 1794

18. After Robespierre’s death… • A 5 man “Directory” supported by a legislature held power in France. • Problems: • The government was weak an inefficient • Rising bread prices brought the threat of riots • Did not provide the people with the freedoms they were fighting for

19. Warm-up • Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia were considered absolute rulers because they a. broke away from the Catholic Church b. helped feudal lords build secure castles c. instituted programs that provided more power to their parliaments d. determined government policies without the consent of their people • One similarity of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment is that both a. had the support of the Roman Catholic Church b. placed great value on traditional beliefs c. emphasized the value of observation and human reason d. contributed to the end of feudalism • The writings of Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Locke were similar in that each supported the principles of a. a military dictatorship b. an autocracy c. a theocratic society d. a democratic republic

20. Napoleon: Hero or Tyrant?!

21. Rise of Napoleon • Public discontent mounted as the interim government failed to deal with inflation, food shortages, and corruption. • On November 9, 1799, an ambitious and talented young general named Napoleon Bonaparte over threw the government and seized power. • This overthrow is called a coup’d’etat which is a military overthrow of the government.

22. Napoleon Bonaparte • Napoleon quickly took command of the new government. He held all the power and made all the decisions. • Napoleon’s popularity continued to rise as he restored order, stimulated prosperity and the economy. • Grateful voters overwhelmingly endorsed Napoleon’s rule, he successfully used the democratic process to destroy democracy.

23. Napoleonic codes • Legal experts consolidated hundreds of local law codes into a uniform legal code, that is still the basis of French law today. • The new code guaranteed many achievements of the French Revolution, including equality before the law, freedom of religion, the abolition of privilege, and the protection of property rights. • Napoleon understood the importance of ending the strained relationship between the French Government and the Catholic Church.

24. How did such a little man have so much power? He censored the press and suppressed political opposition He declared himself emperor on Dec. 2, 1804 By 1799 he had signed peace treaties with Britain, Austria and Prussia. By 1802 Europe was at peace for the first time in 10 yrs. He exercised authority over various independent states (Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and parts of Germany) He also forced nations he defeated to join him in wars against Great Britain As Napoleon acquired more territory and influence, ideas and principles of the French Revolution, such as equality, nationalism (pride in ones country) and religious toleration, spread to other countries He dissolved what remained of the Holy Roman Empire video

25. What would make this little man fall? • 1) He could never defeat the British (think geographic advantages of Great Britain) • 2) As the French Empire spread, so did nationalism • 3) Despite his keen since to military over-powerment, he made some key mistakes • Most notably to invade Russia • Scorched-earth policy- burning grain fields and slaughtering livestock so as to leave nothing for the enemy to eat.

26. Average Temp is 23 degrees. In winter -13

27. The 100 Days… • March of 1814- Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba • March 1815- Napoleon escaped Elba and formed a new army. In June Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo. • Now he is exiled to St. Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic. Once a master of Europe, Napoleon now lived in lonely exile writing memoirs, he died in 1821 of perhaps cancer.

28. When Napoleon ruled Elba

29. Textbook review • Read Chapter 23 sect 4 • Complete questions 1,3-5,7,8

30. Warm-up • Explain how Absolute Monarchies lead to the Enlightenment which lead to revolutions. • What is the concept of Divine right, and why did people believe that it gave kings power? • The English Bill of Rights were created to • limit the power of English monarchs • establish laws protecting the rights of Protestants • organize England’s colonial empire • abolish the role of Parliament 4. The Glorious Revolution in England resulted in the formation of what type of government?

31. Bye, Bye Napoleon…what does Europe do now?

32. Congress of Vienna • Between November 1, 1814 — June 8, 1815 a congress of the Great Powers of Europe met in Vienna, Austria to settle the future boundaries of the continent. • Almost every state in Europe was represented. • How should its boundaries be redrawn? Should any existing nations take over any new territory? Should any new nations emerge from Napoleon's empire?

33. Problems in Europe that makes this hard • The major European powers (Austria, Great Britain, Russia) were seeking to expand their own interests, not necessarily what was best for Europe as a whole. • And because of this new concept of nationalism, the lesser powers, including peoples who never had their own country, were pushing for their own independence from these larger countries. • Thus, redrawing the map as it once was (pre-Napoleon) was going to be virtually impossible!

34. Their 3 goals of the meeting • Reimburse all countries who had to fight against France during Napoleon’s rule • Restore the monarchy in France and other kingdoms that existed before the French Revolution • Create a balance of power to prevent one European country from dominating Europe again. **Do this all while not upsetting France so as not to give rise to revenge**

35. What that looks like 1. Was the Congress of Vienna biased in any way? Explain. 2. What would be the problems with the decisions made at the Congress?

36. Latin American Revolution • Almost all of Latin America was controlled by Spain • Latin America is composed of South America and Middle/Central America • Cause: During this time these countries began to feel discontent towards Spain and Portugal. Resented what they saw as unfair economic policies. • Result: By 1810 Jose de San Martin led forces that expelled the Spanish from Argentina. Simon Bolivar liberated Venezuela, Columbia and Ecuador from Spanish rule. • Great Britain’s navy shielded the new nation from further European invasion

37. Haitian Revolution • Haiti was a French colony • Cause: In 1791, black slaves in Saint-Dominique rebelled against their white masters after learning of a revolution in Europe. • Toussaint L’Ouverture became their leader, proclaimed himself ruler, and then freed all the slaves. • Result: First Free Black Country