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Part 1: Intro to Socialization

Part 1: Intro to Socialization. What is Socialization?.

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Part 1: Intro to Socialization

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  1. Part 1: Intro to Socialization

  2. What is Socialization? • DEFINITION: the process by which individuals learn the ways of society and culture (basic skills, values, beliefs and appropriate behavior) • Necessary for a successful existence • Lifelong process

  3. The Big Questions of Socialization • How do we learn to get along with others?

  4. The Big Questions of Socialization • How do we learn to view ourselves as one among others? • How do others influence us?

  5. Part 2: The Social Experience

  6. What is Personality? • DEFINITION: the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs & values that are characteristic of an individual • Determines how we adjust to our environment & how we react in certain situations

  7. Personality Development: Nature v. Nurture • Charles Darwin (SOCIOBIOLOGY; NATURE): • All human behavior is instinctive; inherited behavioral patterns • John B. Watson (BEHAVIORISM; NURTURE): • All human behavior can be taught and learned

  8. Nature or Nurture? • Brown eyes • Enjoys bungee jumping • 6’ tall • Red hair • IQ of 150

  9. Nature or Nurture? • Weighs 500 pounds • Depressed • Alcoholic • Has cancer

  10. Personality Development: Nature v. Nurture • Twin Studies: • Used to determine heritability; VERY important in understanding the role of genes and environment in forming an individual

  11. Personality Development: Nature v. Nurture • Premise: • Since identical twins have identical genes, differences between them are solely due to environmental factors

  12. Personality Development: Nature v. Nurture • Elyse Schein and Paula Bernstein • A classic twinning study • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gwnzW4jOMI

  13. The Sociological View • Sociologists believe personality development, or a fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking and feeling is shaped by BOTH biology and social experience

  14. Personality Development: Nature v. Nurture • 4 Factors That Influence Personality: • Heredity • Birth Order • Parents • Cultural Environment

  15. Heredity • Definition: • Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children • Includes aptitude – capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge

  16. Birth Order • Research indicates that birth order DOES have an influence on personality development • ONLY CHILDREN: tend to endure pressure to achieve & excel; overactive and socially involved ; many are leaders; often worrisome

  17. Birth Order • OLDEST CHILDREN: tend to share traits with only children; cautious & achievement oriented • SUBSEQUENT CHILDREN: better in social relationships; more affectionate; friendly & creative; more sensitive & humorous

  18. Silverman’s Class: Birth Order & Average GPA • Oldest/Only Child: 15 • Average GPA: 3.58 • Youngest Child: 14 • Average GPA: 3.35

  19. Parents • A child’s FIRST attachment is to his or her mother • Later, both parents serve as role models & shape perception of sex roles & family members • Parental characteristics can influence level of education, religious affiliation, cultural heritage, economic status and occupation

  20. Cultural Environment • A society’s cultural environment may determine which personality traits are emphasized • For example, American culture emphasizes competition and success

  21. Social Isolation • Effects on Nonhuman Primates: • The Harry Harlow Experiments • Results?

  22. Social Isolation: Effect on Children • Feral Children: • Wild or untamed children • Raised in isolation • Case Studies: • Anna & Isabelle • Genie, “The Wild Child” • Results?

  23. Part 3: The Process of Socialization Much research forms the basis for our understanding of human development…

  24. The Concept of Self • Definition: your conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates you and your environment from other members of society • How do you develop a sense of self?

  25. Charles Horton Cooley: The Looking Glass Self • The Looking Glass Self: • Developing an image of oneself based on how we think others see us • “I am, who I think, you think I am.”

  26. George Herbert Meade: The Social Self • Role Taking: • Take roles of others in society to better understand what YOUR expectations are • Usually starts with your closest relationships -“significant others” • We internalize the attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society – the “generalized other”

  27. George Herbert Meade: The Social Self • I and ME • I is the unsocialized spontaneous, self-interested component of personality & self-identity • ME is the part of ourselves that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society – the socialized self • In childhood, the I component is stronger than the ME

  28. Part 4: Agents of Socialization

  29. Agents of Socialization • Family • Peer Group • School • Mass Media

  30. Agents of Socialization • The FAMILY: Structured • Principal agent of ALL children (0-adolescense) • Can be deliberate or unconscious • EXAMPLES: • Deliberate socialization? • Unconscious socialization?

  31. Agents of Socialization • The PEER GROUP: Loose • Primary group; composed of those similar in age & background • Increasing importance during adolescence; focuses on the skills necessary to “fit in” to subculture • Group goals are often at odds with societal goals

  32. Agents of Socialization • The SCHOOL: Highly Structured • Deliberate socialization • EXAMPLES: • Class activities/academic subjects • Values education • ***Peer groups present; family involvement

  33. Agents of Socialization • The MASS MEDIA: Loose • TV, radio, magazines, internet, newspaper, etc. • Unconscious socialization (debatable) • Most influential form of mass media? • Television (98% of homes; 7 hours/day)

  34. Agents of Socialization • Positive Impact of Mass Media: • Exposure to certain elements of society that one might not otherwise be exposed to • Negative Impact of Mass Media: • Exposure to violence • Impact of “popular” culture

  35. Agents of Socialization • Secondary Agents of Socialization: • Clubs & Organizations (Boys Scouts, etc.) • Religious Affiliation • Government • Ethnic Group • Work

  36. Agents of Socialization • Total Institutions: • Isolates members from the rest of society • EXAMPLES: • Prisons, psychiatric hospitals, monasteries • Generally, the primary goal of total institutions is to RESOCIALIZE, or the break with past experiences & learn new values

  37. Part 5: Socialization & the Life Course

  38. Stage 1: Childhood • Childhood: • First 12 years of life • Characterized by a certain level of freedom from responsibilities • Must acquire key life lessons

  39. Stage 2: Adolescence • Definition: • The period between the normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood • Puberty: • The physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction • In the U.S., generally considered ages 12 to 19…now 25?

  40. Stage 2: Adolescence • Adolescence is NOT universal • In many preindustrial societies, young people go directly from childhood to adulthood • In the U.S. 3 factors create this distinct life stage • Education (mandatory until age 16) • Child Labor Laws • Juvenile Justice System

  41. Stage 2: Adolescence • Characteristics of Adolescence: • Biological Growth & Development • Changes can cause anxiety or embarrassment, especially if individual is physically way ahead or behind peers • Undefined Status • Some adults treat adolescents as children, others treat them as adults

  42. Stage 2: Adolescence • Increased Decision Making • Making many of their own decisions for the first time • Increased Pressure • From multiple sources: parents, friends, school, society

  43. Stage 2: Adolescence • Search for Self • Determining personal values and priorities, & figuring out role he/she will play in society • Anticipatory Socialization • Learning the rights, obligations, and expectations of a role to prepare for assuming that role in the future • Examples?

  44. Stage 3: Adulthood • Jobs, finance, marriage, pregnancy, health, fitness, stress, divorce, physical changes, death, etc.

  45. Stage 3: Adulthood (Men) • Issues: • Tough Trap • Accidents • Violence • Suicide

  46. Stage 3: Adulthood (Women) • Issues: • Beauty Trap • Eating Disorders • Depression • Double Standards

  47. Stage 3: Adulthood Later Years • Issues: • Young-Old (ages 65-74) • adjustment to retirement • Middle-Old (ages75-84) & Old-Old (ages 85+) • adjustment to physical and mental functioning, adjustment to dependency and impending death

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