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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. Learning Targets 1-10. Review. LT 1. Autotrophs S unlight Sugar/Glucose (stored energy) So what if usable energy is needed?. Via Photosynthesis. Review. Heterotrophs and Autotrophs Sugar/Glucose ATP (usable energy). Heterotrophs -eat other organisms.

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration Learning Targets 1-10

  2. Review LT 1 Autotrophs SunlightSugar/Glucose (stored energy) So what if usable energy is needed? Via Photosynthesis

  3. Review Heterotrophs and Autotrophs Sugar/GlucoseATP (usable energy) Heterotrophs-eat other organisms Via Cellular Respiration Autotrophs-make it themselves

  4. Cellular Respiration-An Overview LT 2 ETC Kreb Cycle O2 present Glycolysis 90% of energy still available Lactic Acid Fermentation No O2 present Alcoholic 6O2 + C6H12O66CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP)

  5. Structures of CR LT 3 Cytoplasm Gel-like interior of the cell; where PGAL + PGAL to make glucose; where glycolysis occurs Mitochondria Kreb Cycle and ETC occur here; converts glucose to ATP

  6. Structures of CR-Mitochondria LT 3 The Mitochondria In almost all eukaryotic cells Where aerobic respiration occurs 2 membranes Nearly all your mitochondria come from your mother Has its own DNA that is different from nuclear DNA Has its own ribosomes Reproduces by splitting in two

  7. WhereH+collect; to eventually for m ATP Structures of CR Fluid inside, mostly water and enzyme proteins that will add O2 to food/sugars; where Kreb Cycle occurs Folds of inner membrane that increase surface area Where theETC is ; step 3 of aerobic respiration Phospholipid bilayer like the cell membrane LT 3

  8. Structures of CR-Cytoplasm LT 3 • entire contents of a eukaryotic cell within cell membrane, minus the contents of the cell nucleus, are referred to as the cytoplasm • Also called the cytosol • In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol • In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles. • Where glycolysisand anaerobic respiration occur

  9. Structures of CR-Review LT 3 Glycolysis–takes place in the cytoplasm or cytosol Kreb Cycle-takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria ETC-takes place in the mitochondrial inner membrane Fermentation-takes place in the cytoplasm or cytosol

  10. Step 1: Glycolysis LT 4 Glycolysis- the process by which 1 glucose (C6H12O6) is broken down by ½ making 2 pyruvic acids/pyruvates glucose pyruvic acid/pyruvate • Takes place in the cytoplasm (funny…that is where glucose is made after PS) DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN C C C C C C C C C C C C

  11. Step 1: Glycolysis LT 4 Small amounts of ATP made, but… Can be produced very quickly Can produce 1000’s of ATP per millisecond Since oxygen is not needed, glycolysis can supply energy to the cells even if no O2 is present.

  12. Step 1: Glycolysis LT 4 • Energy from 2 ATP’s is given to glucose (2 ATP’s becomes 2 ADP’s) • This converts the 6-C glucose to 2 3-C molecules. • These 3-C molecules • donate some of their energy to 4 ADP’s to make 4 ATP’s • donate 4e-’s to 2NAD+ to make NADH NAD+ + 4e- + H+ NADH ADP + P ATP • Two 3-C molecules become pyruvic acid/pyruvate

  13. Step 1: Glycolysis LT 4 3a 2 1 4 3b

  14. Step 1: Glycolysis LT 4 Summary:Energy Carriers: 2 ATP used 2 NAD+ + 4e- + H+ + 4 ATP made 2 NADH +2 ATP net (therefore Glycolysis4ADP + P  4ATP makes 2 ATP for the **NADH and ATP will go to the ETC cell) just like in PS, and drop off their energy packages** Let’s See This

  15. Step 2: Fermentation LT 5 ? So what if there is NO O2 ? Step 1 Step 2   fermentation- the process by which the cell ATTEMPTS to create ATP from glucose WITHOUT oxygen (O2) No O2 Glycolysis Fermentation

  16. Step 2: Fermentation LT 5 Glycolysis When glycolysis occurs, • e-‘s from PGAL are transferred to NAD+ to make NADH, an energy carrying molecule • NADH that will go to the Kreb Cycle and ETCIF O2 IS PRESENT and drop off its e‘s • When the e-‘s are dropped off, then the NADH becomes NAD+ again and cycles back to glycolysisfor the next glucose PGAL

  17. Step 2: Fermentation LT 5 !! Now the cell can continue to make ATP while there is no O2!! Fermentation • The O2 molecule is where NADH can drop off its e-‘s • IF O2 IS NOT PRESENT, there is nowhere for NADH to drop off its e-‘s. When a new glucose comes in there will not be any NAD+’s to accept the e-‘s • Thus, the cell needs to find a way to get some NAD+’s back • The cell will do this by taking the high energy e-‘s from NADH and giving them to pyruvate, and becoming NAD+ again Recycled NAD+ NAD+

  18. Step 2: Fermentation LT 5 Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Who does it? Yeast and single-celled organisms Will cause bread to rise Converts pyruvic acid to ethyl alcohol, CO2, and H2O Products Beers Wines Breads Who does it? Animal cells and some bacteria • In these cells it will create a strong burning in the muscles • Converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid and NAD+ • Products • Cheese, yogurt, sour cream, • Pickles, sauerkraut

  19. OR...Step 2: The Kreb Cycle LT 6 • After glycolysis, 90% of the energy is still available in glucose • Fermentation or anaerobic respiration did not make any ATP from that remaining 90% because there was no oxygen for NADH to take its e-’s to ? So what if there IS O2 present? Aerobic respiration- when oxygen is present for a reaction

  20. Step 2: The Kreb Cycle • O2 is great e- acceptor and is needed to complete CR and get ATP!! • The Kreb Cycle is Step 2 when O2 is present and a place for carrier molecules to drop off their e-’s • Hans Kreb discovered this in 1937 • It is also called the Citric Acid Cycle because citric acid (like in oranges or lemons) is one of the first products made. • It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

  21. Step 2: The Kreb Cycle • NAD+ removes some e-’s from the 1 pyruvic acid from the end of glycolysis • One of the 3-C’s that make up pyruvic acid is removed and to make CO2; a PRODUCT! • Now the molecule is only 2-C’s that combine with an enzyme called Co-enzyme A • This makes Acetyl Co-A • This will combine with a 4-C compound

  22. Step 2: The Kreb Cycle Citric Acid Production: 1-pyruvic acid CO2 + Co-Enzyme A Acetyl Co-A C C C NADH C NAD+ C C C C 4-C compound C C C C

  23. Step 2: The Kreb Cycle • The 4-C compound and Acetyl Co-A (2-C) combine to produce a 6-C compound called Citric Acid. • 1-C is removed from Citric Acid to make CO2. NAD+ removes some 2e-’s and becomes NADH. • Now the 6-C Citric Acid is a 5-C compound. • From the 5-C compound, another C is removed and more NAD+ removes 2e-’s. This makes it a 4-C compound. • At the same time an ATP is made!! • Next NAD+ and a new carrier molecule FADH come and remove 2e- each from the 4-C compound to make NADH and FADH2 • Now the 4-C molecule is de-energized and RECYCLED to wait for the next Acetyl Co-A to enter the cycle.

  24. Step 2: The Kreb Cycle Taking out the energy: De-energized 4-C Compound + Acetyl Co-A Citric Acid O2 Energized 4-C Compound 5-C compound C C C C C C C C C NADH C C C C NAD+ NAD+ FADH2 NADH C C C FAD+ C C C C C C NAD+ ATP C ADP NADH

  25. Step 2: The Kreb Cycle So every glucose produces 2 pyruvic acids. Both go through the Kreb Cycle. Therefore… 1pyruvic acid = • 3-CO2’s • 1 ATP • 4NAD+/NADH = 2e- x 4 = 8 • 1FAD+/FADH2 = 2e- x 1 = 2 10e- 2 pyruvic acids= • 6-CO2’s • 2ATP’s • 8NAD+/NADH • 2FAD+/FADH2 • This gives 20e-’s to take to the next step Let’s See This Part 1 Part 2

  26. Step 3: The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) LT 7 In Glycolysis, Citric Acid production, and the Kreb Cycle, NAD+ and FAD+ were collecting e’s. ??So what do we do with all of those e-’s and WHEN do I get to make energy (ATP)?? Let’s take them to the ETC!

  27. Step 3: The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) An Overview: • Takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane • e-’s carried by NADH and FADH2 are passed to protein carriers in the inner membrane. • As e-’s are passed down the chain, the energy from the e-’sallows the proteins to pull H+’s across the inner membrane to the inter-membrane space. This is active transport and like PS!!

  28. Step 3: The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Overview Continued: • This makes the inter-membrane space have a high concentration of H+ • At the end of the ETC the e-’s will combine with H+ and O2 to make H2O (a product!!) • O2 is the final acceptor where the e-’s are dropped off • FADH2 does the same thing as NADH, it just starts at the 2nd protein instead of the first.

  29. 8 9 6 3 4 7 5 2 1

  30. Step 3: The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • NADH and FADH2come from the Kreb Cycle to the inner membrane proteins of the ETC • NADH give 2e-’s to an ion pump and becomes NAD+ • Ion pumps use the e-’s energy pull H+‘s across the membrane into the inter-membrane space • e-’s go to the next protein in the ETC • e-’s go the 3rd protein, another ion pump, and give more energy to pump in H+

  31. Continued… • e-’s go to the 4th and 5th proteins. 5th is a protein pump and 2 more H+’s are pulled in with energy from the e-’s. Now the e-’s are de-energized. • 2 low energy e-’s + 2H+ + Oxygen produce H2O • The inter-membrane space has a high concentration of H+; H+ diffuse from inter-membrane space thru ATP Synthase (like in PS) • ATP Synthase spins and attaches a P to ADP to make ATP -for every 2e-’s thru the ETC = 3 ATP -recall there were 20-24e-’s brought by NADH and FADH2 thereby giving 32-34ish ATP • FADH2 repeats the same pattern as NADH but starts at protein 2

  32. An Overview of CR Electron Transport Chain 2 2 32-34

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