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MYCOLOGY

MYCOLOGY. Mycotoxins/Mycotoxicosis (1 hour). 1. Defines “Mycotoxin’’ and ‘’ Mycotoxicosis’’ 1.1.Lists the mycotoxins. 1.2. Defines the pathogenetic mechanisms of mycotoxins. 2. Lists the clinical tables related with mycotoxin. MYCOTOXINS and MYCOTOXICOSIS.

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MYCOLOGY

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  1. MYCOLOGY

  2. Mycotoxins/Mycotoxicosis (1 hour) • 1. Defines “Mycotoxin’’ and ‘’ Mycotoxicosis’’ • 1.1.Lists the mycotoxins. • 1.2. Defines the pathogenetic mechanisms of mycotoxins. • 2. Lists the clinical tables related with mycotoxin.

  3. MYCOTOXINS and MYCOTOXICOSIS • as opportunistic pathogens, filamentous fungi can produce toxins. • cause diseases called mycotoxicosis • following ingestion, inhalation or direct contact with the toxin • acute/ chronic • rapid death to tumor formation • more than 100 toxigenic fungi • over 300 compounds as mycotoxins

  4. methods of food handling, storage inadequate • malnutrition prevelant • few regulations to protect exposed populations

  5. Aflatoxins • primarily by Aspergillus flavus • A.parasiticus • Many other aspergillus species • A.flavus most common in agriculture • Corn, cottonseed, peanut • Aflatoxin B1 most potent natural carcinogen • toxicity and carcinogenicity

  6. Aflatoxins • Acute aflatoxicosis................death • Chronic aflatoxicosis...............cancer, immunsuppression • LIVER is the main target organ • Hepatitis in human • Chronic low level exposure to toxin...............development of hepatocellular carcinoma • Consumption of contaminated foods • Aerosols in dust, in air near farm sources • Pulmonary cancer in animals, not enough evidence in human

  7. Citrinin • Penicillium • Aspergillus • Nephrotoxin in animals • Yellow rice disease in Japan • may act synergistically with another nephrotoxin,Ochratoxin A. • wheat, oats, rye, corn, rice • significance in human disease not known

  8. Ergot Alkaloids • lysergic acid • hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) • hardened masses of fungal tissue formed when the fungus invades the floret and replaces the grain of wheat, barley or rye. • ingested when contaminated grain used for bread or in cereals • convulsive • gangrenous • Claviceps species • important for also veterinary, gangrene, abortion, seizures, ataxia.

  9. Fumonisins • Fusarium species • Corn pathogen • Fumonisin B1...... esophageal cancer

  10. Ochratoxin • Aspergillus • Penicillium • Cereals, coffee, bread, pork meat • Balkan Endemic Nephropathy (BEN)......chronic, progressive nephritis • Urinary tract tumours

  11. Trichothecenes • Fusarium • Myrothecium • Trichoderma • Cephalosporium • Food contaminants • GIS hemorrhage, vomiting • Direct contact...........dermatitis • moldy grain intoxication

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