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Practical Measures to increase Distributed Generation in existing Distribution Networks

This report analyzes practical measures to increase distributed generation (DG) in the UK's existing distribution networks, driven by government targets to produce 10% of energy from renewables and doubling combined heat and power (CHP) capacity. The focus is on minimizing customer economic impacts while promoting Active Network Management (ANM). It discusses short-term solutions, rollout strategies, and the evaluation of engineering best practices. The report emphasizes the need for innovation and safety considerations, ensuring networks can accommodate renewable generation effectively.

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Practical Measures to increase Distributed Generation in existing Distribution Networks

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  1. Practical Measures to increase Distributed Generation in existing Distribution Networks

  2. Environmental Driver vs Economic Impact • Distributed Generation is driven in UK by Government Targets: • To produce 10% of the UK’s energy needs from renewable sources • To reach a total of 10GW of CHP generating capacity (an approximate doubling of current capacity) • UK Regulator prime responsibility: • To minimise the economic impact on customers • Consequently the DGCG is: • Encouraging innovation in the distribution networks • “Active Network Management” replacing “Fit & Forget”

  3. Not starting with a “Green Field” • Transition is to be evolutionary not revolutionary • First step is application of “Basic Active Network Management” • Increasing the degree of network and / or generation management to increase: • the amount of generation plant connected to distribution networks • the amount of energy generated from new and existing plant

  4. Short-Term Solutions • Project in Workstream 3 of the Technical Programme of UK DTI / OFGEM sponsored Distributed Generation Coordination Group • Full report will be available at: www.distributed-generation.gov.uk • Two potential rollout strategies for the solutions: • Issues readily addressed: establish “good practice” that can be adopted by all the DNOs. • Issues not fully understood: recommendations for further study to better quantify the risks & reduce the uncertainty.

  5. Project Methodology • Identify possible Short-Term Solutions • Assess against 50 defined criteria: • Implications for customers • Implications for distributed generators • Implications for distribution network operators • Establish the appropriate rollout strategy • Aim to establish how far “good” engineering practice had evolved to “Best Practice” • Establish indicative costs to benchmark against network enhancement and reinforcement.

  6. Short-term solutions forFault Level Management

  7. Short-term solutions forVoltage Control

  8. Short-term solutions forPower Flow Management

  9. Two Examples • Progressive control of Power Flow • Fault Level: • Device is Available • Safety Concerns are delaying wide scale use

  10. Conventional network design methodology • Generator output restricted to “firm capacity” • 12MVA

  11. Post fault direct intertripping • Generator output 24MVA under normal conditions • “Post Fault” constrained to 12MVA • Generator trips if any upstream breaker trips

  12. Power Flow Measurements • Generator output 24MVA under normal conditions • “Post Fault” constrained to 12MVA • Measure net export of power • Only trip if network capacity is exceeded

  13. Generator Power Output Control • Take into account short term ratings and loads • Directly control generator output to within network capacity • Only trip if network capacity is exceeded

  14. TripT?rip? Current-sensing Fuse IS Limiter Trigger circuit • senses rapid rise in fault current • fires a pyrotechnic charge to open the main current path • current is limited and then cleared by a parallel fuse within 10mS • There are Safety Concerns: • the IS Limiter is not intrinsically safe (i.e. fail-safe) • the integrity of the triggering supply • the inability to functionally test the equipment • the lack of an associated ‘back up’ system Is this an opportunity for a Solid State Device? Pyrotechnic charge

  15. Concluding Remarks • Solutions have been identified which existing networks can accommodate now eg. • increasing impedances of components (transformers, generators and inserting reactors) • converter technologies for wind turbine generators • generator real/reactive power control • line voltage regulation • cancellation Current Transformers • post fault constraints (intertripping and generator power reduction)

  16. Concluding Remarks • Some solutions require further work in order to address quality of supply or safety issues: • area-based voltage control • the use of the IS limiter • the application of sequential switching • the introduction of “split network” configurations • post fault constraints for multiple generators • Full details are given in the Workstream 3 report

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