GHSGT REVIEW

1. GHSGT REVIEW

2. Renaissance (1350-1600) • “rebirth” of interest in learning and achievements of ancient Greece and Rome • “classical learning” • Ancient Greece and Rome • Caesar; Mythology; Religion as a whole • Development of in urban centers • Urban  City • Rural  Country • Suburban  Outside the city

3. begins  Europe (Italy) Main city  Florence, Italy spreads to northern Europe (England, France, Netherlands, Germany) Renaissance

4. Florence, Italy • Politics  ruled by wealthy merchant families • Merchant  trader • Economy  shipping trade • Socially  recovering from Black Plague and political instability • Start of “individual thinking” • Ideas of humanism • Material comforts; positive human qualities

5. Florence

6. Renaissance • Leads to • Reformation • Scientific Revolution • Exploration and Discovery

7. People of the Renaissance • A “Renaissance Man” • Term  well-educated person who excels in multiple fields and has many talents • Leonardo da Vinci • Machiavelli • Michelangelo

8. Machiavelli

9. Father of Political Science The book – The Prince Political Science = Government Force + shrewd decision making by leader in order to maintain power and order

10. Leonardo da Vinci Original “The Renaissance Man” Painter; sculptor; engineer; physicist; studied anatomy

11. Mona Lisa

12. The Last Supper

13. Michelangelo Painter & Sculptor Human images to reflect the divine beauty of God

17. Humanists • Studied the history, philosophy, and poetry of the ancient Greeks and Romans • Petrarch • Dante • Erasmus

18. Petrarch

19. Petrarch • Argued  religious achievements and a person’s relationship with God had no relationship • God gave certain people intelligence and talents that should be used in all aspects of life

20. Dante

21. Dante • Common language of Italians • Used common language of the city of Florence • At the time, everything was Latin

22. Father of Vernacular (Common Language) Italian Father of Italian Language

23. Erasmus

24. Erasmus • Church was corrupt – so its needs reforming • Believed in free will rather than predestination • Free will  a person’s ability to decide for themselves • Predestination  before you were born, God had already decided whether you were going to Heaven or Hell (later John Calvin) • Wrote new testaments in Greek and Latin

25. Protestant Reformation

26. The Reformation • Before Reformation, only ONE church existed in western Europe: • The Roman Catholic Church.

27. Martin Luther

28. Martin Luther • Europe (Germany) • Posted 95 Theses on the Church door • Attacked Church for indulgences • Indulgences  paying the church for forgiveness • Believed doing good deeds did not get you into heaven

29. Luther starts Protestantism • Started the Lutheran Church • Those who protested the Roman Catholic Church were called Protestants. • Protestant – someone who believes in Jesus Christ as the Son of God but is not Catholic • Today – Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, etc.

30. John Calvin • Idea of Predestination- God is all powerful and has already decided who will receive salvation

32. King Henry VIIIof England

33. Wives of Henry VIII Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Beheaded, Divorced, Survived

34. Summary: • In England (not mainland Europe) • Wanted a divorce • Catholic Church wouldn’t allow • “Broke away” and formed his own church • Church of England = Anglican Church

35. CreatedChurch of England (Anglican Church) Had a daughter  Elizabeth I

36. Elizabeth I “Virgin Queen” ?? Elizabethan Time Period

37. Elizabeth I • Her dad (King Henry VIII) had VERY Catholic beliefs (except divorce) • Elizabeth I believed: • ‘moderate’ form of Protestantism • She didn’t force Religion into every day lives of her people

38. Johannes Gutenberg • Printed the 1st Bible in Europe made with movable type • Allowed the ideas of the Protestant Reformation to expand quickly • Promoted reading and thinking

39. Catholics didn’t want to be outdone by Protestants Started the Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)

40. Jesuits • Group of Catholics • Wanted to restore Catholicism • Traveled throughout Europe • Missionaries who wanted to turn Protestants back to Catholics • Succeeded in many areas of Europe • Still around today (Notre Dame is a Jesuit school)

41. Council of Trent • Body of Catholic Bishops • Met over a period of 18 years • Tried to reform Catholic practices” • Believed: • Good works were required to reach heaven • Indulgences were okay • However, were not allowed to be sold

42. European Exploration

44. Why are they exploring?

45. Reasons for Exploring?? • Gold (money) • God • Glory

46. New Inventions (1400) • improved maps and compass • Astrolabe • Allowed sailors to locate and predict the position of the moon, sun, and stars making navigation easier and efficient (accurate)

47. Vasco daGama • Established Portuguese dominance in the Indian Ocean • Enabled the Portuguese to control the trade routes • (He sailed around Africa)

49. Christopher Columbus • Italian who sailed for Spain • Set out to find a westward route (water) from Spain to India • Established a permanent settlement on the island of Hispaniola

50. Ferdinand Magellan • 1st European to lead an expedition that circumnavigated (sailed around) the world • Proved that the world was spherical (round)