1. Electromagneticradiation

2. I. The whole electromagnetic spectrum is divided into six main wavebands • Radio waves • Infrared radiation • Visible light • Ultraviolet radiation • X-rays • Gamma-rays (radiation)

3. The photons (light quantum) • The electromagnetic radiation isn’t continuous, but it isconsistedof light quantums, so- called photons. • We can measure the energy of photons in electron volt (eV). • The amount of photons which is expressed in energy is in direct proportion to the frequency.. E=h*f f..frequency h=6,626196*10-34Js • The mass of moving photon:

4. Radio waves • Electromagnetic waves, which are produced, that the changing electric field strains frequency, and increases the speed of the free electrons of an antenna (the shorter, and the longer radio waves) • Microwaves

5. Infrared- radiation • Electromagnetic radiation which is emitted by hot, glowing objects. This energy can be absorbed very easily, so this heats the best. • On special infra sensitive films thermo photos can be taken, where instead of light intensity changes the picture is resulted by the degree of heat changes. • Human eyes can’t see.

6. Visible light • The electromagnetic waves which are sensed by human eyes. • Every object, which is raised to red heat,can produce visible light. (the surface of the Sun, incandescent lamp) • It has chemical effect, for example in taking photograph. • Continuous spectrum:

7. Ultraviolet radiation • It can be produced by taking high voltage electrodes into ionised gas. The mercury vapour lamp and the Sun emit UV- rays too. • In large amount it is harmful for health. • It can’t be seen by human eyes, but it can be shown by optical devices (for example photo sheet turns black because of it). • A lot of chemical reactionsare started by UV light.

8. X- rays (radiation) • X-radiation is produced when we direct fast electrons onto a metal. • In some crystalline materials (for example: ZnS) they produce well visible luminous phenomenon, that makes easier to detect them. • With radiophotography we can take a photograph of the inside of the human body, because the different tissues transmit the X-rays in different ways.

9. Gamma-rays (radiation) • In general gamma radiation is produced by atomic nucleus (reaction between atomic nucleus, or when radioactive materials decay). • This radiation form means the biggest danger for living organisms, that can cause different damages (it can damage the cells or it can cause mutation).

10. II. Elektrosmog • The electromagnetic radiation is spherical radiation which spreads in every direction e.g. through walls, furniture and copper-woven sheets … • The degree of loading decreases square proportionally to the distance of the sources. • Electromagnetic loadings change the exchange of information between cells and because of this they take an effect to the human body.

11. Safety distance • Normal TV: 2-5m • Computer monitor: 70 cm • Microwave oven: 3-4 m • Mobile phone : 70 cm • Socket: 70 cm • Digital clock radio: 1,5-2,5 m • Transformer stations: 50- 300 m • Antenna amplifiers: 5-7 m

12. Elektrosmog effects • Sleep troubles • headache • Perishing of eyes • Perishing of teeth • Abnormality of thyroid gland • Possibility of lung cancer • Increases the rate of the white blood cells in blood • Potency troubles • infertility

13. III. Radioactive radiation • Radiations which come out when nucleuses change spontaneously; with this change the nucleuses get into a favourable energetical state. • The penetrating ability of the radiations is very different .

14. As an effect of the ionizing radiation that reaches human body the DNA molecule suffers changes; this is used in the therapy of the malignant tumours.

15. Gamma radiation which reaches human body permanently is extremely harmful. Gamma-radiating material getting into the human body is dangerous, too. • Because of this new units were initiated to characterize radiation dozes and radioactive materials e.g. activity, absorbed radiation doze, irradiation doze etc.

16. The activity The activity means the number of the dissolving atoms of the certain material in a unit of time. The absorbed radiation dose The energy which is absorbed by material divided by the mass of material.

17. Irradiation dose in case of X-ray and gamma-ray is the equivalentsign of ions divided by the mass of charge electric by mass of air. The absorbed dose output the absorbed energy by the unit of material, or the absorbed dose inunit of time. (unit: W/kg=Gy/s)

18. The irradiation dose output Divide the irradiation dose by the time of irradiation . The dosage equivalence is a quantity, which measures biological effect, which compares doses and cause the same biological effect, but have different origins.

19. The allowable maximum dose is the dose which is endured by without health damaging. These are the values according to the international treaty: • Full body: 50 mSv/year • : 1 mSv/week • Hands; legs: 5 mSv/week • Lends; sexual glands: 1mSv/week

20. Great kinds of measuring instruments have been developed for measuring radioactivity • Geiger- Müller gas discharge counter • Wulf impulseelectroscopes • Expanse chamber, bubble chamber • Dosage meter

21. The radioactivity, though its harmful, but used for lots of things: • Producing energy (in atomic power stations) • Search for sickness (radioactive marking) • Radiocarbon chronology, which is built on isotope of C-14 • In therapy

22. IV. Atomic cemetery The problem which came out with the spreading of the atomic energy is in connection with the permanent storaging of atomic waste.

23. The temporary container of Paks Atomic Power Station • Earlier the burnt out fuel was transported to Russia in such carriages.

24. Today the burnt out fuel cassettes arrive in this container at the temporary container next to the atomic power station.

25. Transporting radioactive waste into the temporary container.

26. Temporary container of burnt out cassettes.

27. Under the yellow floor there are the hermetically sealed storing tubes. There is a fuel cassette vertically in each tube. • The storing tubes and the fuel in them are continually controlled.

28. The storing tubes and the fuel in them are continually controlled.

29. Burnt out cassettes are still generating heat for years, so they must be cooled continually. The temporary container is made so that the draught through the chimney can move and transport air for cooling the cassettes.

30. Processing radioactive liquid samples is made in the laboratory of the power station.

31. Analysing of the samples happens through more phases. Before the mesuration water is evaporated from liquids.

32. There is an automatic environment control station next to the power station.

33. Timing of the planned tasks in Paks: 2001 - Actualising of the removing plan. Initiating and receipt of the new international accepted removing cost. 2004 - Producing the computerized database which is needed for the finishing of the removing plan. 2005 - Making the first version of the removing plan.

34. 2010-2025 - Making the removing plan final and authorize it - Periodic shut downing of the blocks - Transporting of the used- up cassettes to the KKÁT - Demolish of the inactive parts of the power station - Preparation of the power plant’s active parts for the supervising 2026-2089 - Supervision of the active parts of the power plant (with the KKÁT after 2070) 2089-2104 - Demolish of the active parts of the power station - Demolish of the KKÁT

35. Waste- storing place in Püspökszilágy They change the liquid waste into solid waste: they add cement to it, then they put it in bitumen or glass. Glassing:

36. For permanent placing radioactive waste mines where production has stopped and there isn’t subsoil water (eg. salt mines). In nuclear cemetaries for storaging solid waste well insulated concrete pools are used and in case of liquids stainless steel containers are used.

37. They will minimize the capacity of the incombustible solid nuclear waste with pressing. The combustible waste will be cremated.Nuclear waste is selected ,and collected …

38. They are compressed…

39. …and conditioned, for example cast with glass.

40. The barrels are placed in concrete-shafts…

41. and filled with concrete

42. The walls of the container mean further protection…

43. …filling back…

44. …and the geological formations in which the container is formed.

45. The only isotope cemetary in Hungary is Püspökszilágy. • A waste container built in granit…

46. Plans of develop of a waste – storing place with • great activity and lifetime • 2033-2046 • Building of the Nuclear waste- storing place • 2047-2069 • First part ofoperating the nuclear waste- storing place. • Transporting the used- up cassettes from KKÁT • to the storing place. • 2047 • Transporting of the nuclear waste from • Püspökszilágy to the new building.

47. 2070-2094 - Operating the high activity radioactive waste container,waiting for the transportation of waste of demolishing. 2093-2094 - Extending the capacity of the high activity radioactive waste container so that it can accommodate the waste of demolishing. 2095-2104 - The second phase of operating the high activity nuclear wasteyard. - Transporting and storaging of the remains of the demolished Paks atomic power station.

48. 2105-2108 - Closing down the high activity nuclear wasteyard. From 2108 - Long – time supervision The waste of Paks and Püspökszilágy is planned to gather in a high activity waste container.

49. Native and International opinions are in connection with the subject 2002 The European Committee wants to ensure common safety standards and observing mechanisms which are valid all over Europe. In connection with the problem of radioactive waste the European committee prefers burying the dangerous waste which is said the safest method of today. By 2018 the member countries have to separate settlements particularly for this reason. Researches on treatment of waste are in progress.

50. 2003 • According to the treaty made with Russia the Russians have to place the extinct heating elements to a safe place. • 1989 and 1998 more than 2300 worn out cassettes left Hungary. • The Russian environmental law has been increased so it is doubtful when can trains with nuclear waste cargo leave again from Paks.