1. Do Now: • STUDY TEST ON VIOLENCE!!

2. INFECTIOUS DISEASES • Infectious Disease- are caused by organisms or viruses that enter and multiply within the human body. • Pathogens – can cause infectious disease when they enter your body and multiply.

3. Examples of Pathogens • Bacteria • Viruses • Fungi • Protozoans • Other pathogens

4. Bacteria • single-celled microorganisms • Live everywhere (air, soil, food) • Most bacteria are not pathogens • Can produce a toxin – a substance that kills cells or interferes with their functions

5. Viruses • Are the smallest pathogens • Can only multiply after entering a living cell

6. Fungi • Organisms such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms that grow best in warm, dark, moist areas.

7. Protozoans • A large and complex single-celled organism.

8. Other Pathogens • Caused by: • Animals • Mites • Lice • And certain worms

9. How are Pathogens spread? • A.) Contact with an infected person. • B.) Infected animal • C.) Contaminated objects • D.) Contaminated food, soil or water

10. Infected People – some form of contact • Direct physical contact: • Shaking hands • Kissing • Sexually transmitted Examples…

11. Indirect contact: • If an infected person coughs or sneezes, you can inhale the pathogens in tiny droplets of moisture in the air. • Blood - needles • Examples…

12. Infected Animals • Bites • Rabies – deadly disease of the nervous system • Malaria-mosquito bites

13. Contaminated Objects • Pathogens can survive for a period of time outside a person’s body. • Can be spread from person to person on objects (doorknobs, towels, cups)

14. Contaminated Food, Soil or Water • Food poisoning: • Salmonella – poultry and eggs • E. Coli-beef • Cook foods thoroughly to kill these bacteria

15. Defenses Against Disease • Your body’s first line of defense against infectious disease includes both physical and chemical defenses that prevent pathogens from entering your body.

16. DO NOW • LIST 5 DIFFERENT ILLNESSES, BACTERIA OR VIRUS

17. Those include: • A.) Skin- (1st line of defense) are hard and have no gaps between them. • B.) Mucous membranes- the protective lining that covers any opening into the body.

18. C.) Cilia- tiny hairlike structures that line some of the mucous membrane. • D.) Saliva and tears- trap pathogens and wash them away.

19. E.) Digestive system – acids in your stomach, kill many pathogens.

20. Second line of defense… • Inflammation – is your body’s general response to all kinds of injury. • Fights infection and promotes the healing process

21. A reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection. (hot, swollen, red, painful)

22. Release of Phagocytes – a white blood cell that attacks invading pathogens. • Repair now begins at injured site.

23. 3rd defense = Immune System • Fights disease by producing a separate set for each kind of pathogen it encounters. • lymphocytes – carry out most of the immune system’s functions.

24. Immunity- is your body’s ability to destroy pathogens that it has previously encountered before the pathogens are able to cause disease.

25. Two Types – “T” cells and “B” cells • (Helper “T” cells, Killer “T” cells, Suppressor “T” cells) Helper “T” cells help fight infection • “B” cells produce antibodies – a protein that acts against a specific antigen.

26. Passive Immunity • Is acquired by receiving antibodies from a source other than one’s own immune system. • Temporary • Example – newborn babies

27. Active Immunity • Results from either having a disease or from receiving a vaccine. • Immunizations/vaccination – an injection that causes the body to become immune to an infectious disease

28. Vaccine – contains small amounts of dead or modified pathogens or their toxins that is injected during an immunization.

29. Bacterial Diseases • Strep Throat –sore throat, fever, enlarged lymph nodes. Treated with antibiotics. • Lyme Disease - caused when bitten by an infected deer tick. • Tuberculosis • Bacterial Meningitis

30. Treating Bacterial Diseases • Antibiotic- a drug that inhibits or kills bacteria. • Prescription medicine only available with a written order from a qualified healthcare professional. • Important to use as prescribed to avoid developing resistance from the medication.

31. Viral Diseases • Common Cold - group of symptoms caused by a number of different viruses • Influenza- common viral infection of the upper respiratory system. • More serious illness in infants and the elderly.

32. Pneumonia- an infection of the lungs in which the air sacs fill with pus and other liquids. **A serious infection to the lungs. Many people die each year from pneumonia which can be caused by viruses, bacteria or fungi.

33. Hepatitis- inflammation of the liver. Caused by chemicals and many other pathogens. No cure – but vaccines for A and B. • “A” – spread through contact with feces of an infected person. Not washing hands properly before handling objects or food.

34. “B” – more serious than “A”. Found in most bodily fluids, especially blood. Transmitted sexually. Drug use, piercings, tattoos, etc. • “C” – most common, transmitted by direct contact with infected blood.

35. Treating Viral Diseases • No particular medicine that can cure a viral infection, can take over the counter medications. • Antibiotics for instance are only effective against bacteria not viruses. • Best treatment for viral infections are rest, a well-balanced diet and plenty of fluids.

36. 5 stages of Illness • 1.) Incubation - virus enters the body and multiples, you feel fine. • 2.) First symptoms • 3.) Severe symptoms

37. 4.) Recovery • 5.) End of infection

38. 3 Ways to Prevent Illness • 1.) Avoid contact with pathogens • 2.) Make sure your immunizations are current • 3.) Choose healthy behaviors

39. Other ways of Prevention: • Washing hands • Handling Food Properly • Balanced Diet • Avoid sharing • Proper Food Storage • Unnecessary Contact with people who are ill • Vaccinations • Abstinence