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Migration

Migration. Push factor Drive away people Pull factor Attract people Migration chains. Migration of Peoples. Prehistoric Europe to the Americas African diaspora Europe to Asia & Oceania Europe to Africa Indian Overseas Chinese. Prehistoric Migrations.

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Migration

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  1. Migration • Push factor • Drive away people • Pull factor • Attract people • Migration chains

  2. Migration of Peoples • Prehistoric • Europe to the Americas • African diaspora • Europe to Asia & Oceania • Europe to Africa • Indian • Overseas Chinese

  3. Prehistoric Migrations

  4. European Migrants in 19th Century

  5. African Diaspora

  6. African-American migrations 1940-1950 (left) and 1980-1990 (below). African-American

  7. Migration Today • 2002 = 175 million living outside country of birth • Characteristics • Many poor, uneducated, unskilled • Enterprising, working age looking for opportunity • Many also highly educated and skilled • Refugees • 1951 Geneva convention • Asylum Darfur Refugees, Sudan, 2004

  8. World Refugee Population, 2002Source: U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

  9. International Migration • Increased apprehension in receiving countries • “Compassion fatigue” • Immigrants are scapegoats when unemployment rises • Emigration • Importance of remittances • Mexico = 3rd largest source of foreign exchange

  10. International Migration • Europe as a destination • 16 million immigrants • 7-10 percent of host country population • Problems = religion, education • Contributions = entrepreneurs • Migration of Asians • 4-5 million work abroad • Remittances important • Loss to home communities

  11. Migration to the US and Canada • US • Largest migration flow in world is to US • 10% US population foreign born • Immigration quotas restrict immigration • Implications • Hispanics as proportion of US population • Canada • 18.4 percent population foreign born • 94 percent live in metro areas Asian Hispanic

  12. Source of US Immigrants

  13. Source of US Immigrants

  14. Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants, 1998 Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

  15. Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s) Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

  16. Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, United States, 2000 (in %) Foreign Born Native Male Female Age Male Female Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

  17. New Controversies • Additional costs for public services? • Importing poverty? • Local costs of immigration • California • “Melting pot” or “cultural mosaic”?

  18. Interregional Migrations U.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward • Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship. • Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible. • Loss of Industrial Jobs in east complements increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications).

  19. Intraregional Migrations in U.S. U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanization • Developed Countries: suburbanization • automobiles and roads • ‘American Dream’ • better services • counterurbanization • idyllic settings • cost of land for retirement • slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

  20. Intraregional Migrations in LDCs • Urbanization • migration from rural areas • lack of jobs in countryside • lack of services in cities • Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income. Lagos, Nigeria Mumbai, India Mexico City, Mexico

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