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Mm-Wave Radio Systems: The Quest Continues

Mm-Wave Radio Systems: The Quest Continues. Daniel Foty 1,2 , Saurabh Sinha 2 , Marnus Weststrate 2 , Calvin Coetzee 2 , Manie Uys 2 , and Emmanuelle Sibanda 2 1 Gilgamesh Associates, LLC, Fletcher, Vermont, The United States of America

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Mm-Wave Radio Systems: The Quest Continues

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  1. Mm-Wave Radio Systems: The Quest Continues Daniel Foty1,2, Saurabh Sinha2, Marnus Weststrate2, Calvin Coetzee2, Manie Uys2, and Emmanuelle Sibanda2 1Gilgamesh Associates, LLC, Fletcher, Vermont, The United States of America 2Mm-Wave Radio Systems Laboratory, Carl and Emily Fuchs Institute for Microelectronics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, The Republic of South Africa Presented at the International Radio Electronics Forum (IREF) Kharkov, Ukraine 22 October 2008 GA, LLC / UP

  2. Outline • Generalized Goals and “Why mm-Wave?” • Regulatory Landscape Above 5GHz • Extant mm-Wave Technologies – Why? • What’s Failing… Can mm-Wave Fill the Gap? • A Potpourri of Technical Issues • Applications GA, LLC / UP

  3. Abundance and Scarcity “Every economic era is based on a key abundance and a key scarcity.” -- George Gilder, Wired magazine, May 1996(!!) GA, LLC / UP

  4. Abundance/Scarcity Matrix (Gilder, 1996) (Us, 2008) Abundance Scarcity Power Bandwidth Transistors Time - MIPs Space - Bits Twelve years on, we’re still stranded in the old paradigm… And its penalties are worsening rapidly!! GA, LLC / UP

  5. The New Paradigm (Gilder, 1996) (Us, 2008) Abundance Scarcity Bandwidth Power Time Space We need to make bandwidth much more abundant – on present course, dire shortage by 2011 (!?!?!?!?) GA, LLC / UP

  6. The “Iron Triangle” • Shannon Information Theory: C = W log (1 + SNR) • “C”  Data rate • SNR = P/N*W, where P is the signal power and N is the noise power spectral density (one-sided), so that N*W is the noise power • W is the bandwidth • (Thanks to Prof. Toby Berger, University of Virginia) GA, LLC / UP

  7. Need to Expand the Triangle • Only way to get higher data rate at good “cost”? • Implies higher carrier frequencies • This expansion is “the” case for mm-wave!  GA, LLC / UP

  8. Regulatory Landscape GA, LLC / UP

  9. Regulatory – mm-Wave • 57 - 64 GHz "ISM"-like allocation • US/Japan/Europe vary slightly, but 5GHz of overlap • Unlicensed – And “wide/absolute” but not “wide/relative” • US FCC  500mW maximum EIRP • 71 – 76 GHz  Licensed band for comms • Also a licensed but power-strong amateur band in there • 77 GHz vehicular radar band (R.A.D.A.R for real!!) • 81 – 86 GHz  Licensed band for comms • 92 – 95 GHz  Licensed band for comms • Presently up in air - May retrench for home networking GA, LLC / UP

  10. Extant mm-Wave Stuff • “BridgeWave gigabit point-to-point wireless links provide fiber-equivalent connections between locations by transmitting data over highly secure 60GHz & 80GHz (E-Band) radio frequencies at gigabit and Fast Ethernet speeds with the advantage of add/drop data ports, and optional wire-speed AES encryption built-in.” GA, LLC / UP

  11. Extant mm-Wave Stuff • “70/80” bands, full-duplex,1.25Gbps bulk-haul wireless Ethernet • Range  c. 6 km • Produced by Gilland Electronics GA, LLC / UP

  12. Propagation GA, LLC / UP

  13. Propagation “For this reason, 60 GHz is an excellent choice for covert satellite-to-satellite communications because the earth's atmosphere acts like a shield preventing earth-based eavesdropping.” -- TeraBeam web site GA, LLC / UP

  14. Propagation GA, LLC / UP

  15. Spread Spectrum - Intent GA, LLC / UP

  16. Spread Spectrum - Reality GA, LLC / UP

  17. “ETSI” 2004 Forecast GA, LLC / UP

  18. “ETSI” 2004 Forecast GA, LLC / UP

  19. “ETSI” 2004 Forecast GA, LLC / UP

  20. UWB – PR vs. Reality • ETSI 2004 forecast vs. reality • “Where’s the beef??” – Something clearly wrong GA, LLC / UP

  21. Much Thunder, Little Rain PC Magazine, 2 October 2007 “In any technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled.” -- Richard Feynman, 1986 “You can’t polish a turd.” – Old U.S. Army Proverb GA, LLC / UP

  22. Northern Reaction GA, LLC / UP

  23. 1994 “Infrastructure Vision” Source: D. Foty and E. Nowak, IEEE Micro, June 1994 GA, LLC / UP

  24. Data “Diaspora” Old Situation New Situation • Data repositories are dispersed… and mobile!! • Need wireless data rates as good as wired - seamless GA, LLC / UP

  25. Propagation/Modulation/Antenna GA, LLC / UP

  26. Link Issues - Reality • Data rate required - 2.2Gbps (constant & minimum) • BER rate required - at least 10-9, reality closer to 10-12 • Caching • Transceiver data rate already maxxed out • Cache = More cost/complexity (DRAM? Flash? HDD?) • Caching runs into serious DRM issues... • “Data-moving” applications  BER 10-3 – 10-6 • Much more palatable target • Less-risky engineering challenge GA, LLC / UP

  27. IC Technology • Mm-wave has used III-Vs (HBT, HEMT) • Supply limited, very expensive • CMOS is mainstream and inexpensive… • But (despite hand-waving) not capable • Only “real” products on market c. 5GHz • Been stuck there now for several years  Further CMOS generational scaling doesn’t seem to be increasing the useful RF-CMOS frequency value GA, LLC / UP

  28. RF-CMOS “Non-Scaling” Power Supply Voltage Now… Cheating!! Threshold Voltage GA, LLC / UP

  29. CMOS Theology vs. RF-CMOS • Low power  RF-CMOS = AC path to ground • “Proof” – 802.11g routers • Linksys (all-CMOS chipset) vs. Buffalo (bipolar PA) • Buffalo consumes much less power, runs cooler GA, LLC / UP

  30. SiGe Technology • SiGe BiCMOS can meet the goals • Available for some time – 200GHz/220GHz • Some very cost-effective • Now available – 300GHz • Delay due to lack of demand – not physics • (SiGe BiCMOS can mix bipolar at will) • Serious development underway for 500GHz (!!) GA, LLC / UP

  31. SiGe vs. CMOS - Cost • Cost  CMOS less cost-effective than good SiGe BiCMOS (when including “frequency”) Source: Fabless Semiconductor Association (FSA), Wafer Fabrication Pricing Report, Q2-2004 GA, LLC / UP

  32. Partition – Two ICs Chip 1: RF SiGe HBT, IF CMOS; Chip 2 – Baseband analog & digital (all CMOS) GA, LLC / UP

  33. Harnessing the SiGe HBT • Next-generation methods, scaling techniques (Credit: Michael Schröter) GA, LLC / UP

  34. New Approach to CMOS GA, LLC / UP

  35. Characterizing gm/Id – 0.18μm Simple unified description across entire spectrum of charge response (L = 20.0μm, 0.72μm, 0.36μm, 0.24μm, 0.18μm) GA, LLC / UP

  36. Critical – Loss of High-End • Loss of strong inversion • Not getting more bandwidth with shrinkage!! 0.13m 0.18m 0.5m GA, LLC / UP

  37. GA, LLC / UP

  38. Chips, Packaging, Systems • Long-standing RF-IC problem – Stability • Not enough chips “work” • Chips that “work” as chips don’t in package/system • Everything interacts with everything else • Extensive/regular test required  Very expensive • Use expensive (6x) ceramic packaging • Innovation – Electrical tuning • Won’t say more for now here… • Work in progress… GA, LLC / UP

  39. Mm-Wave Radio System GA, LLC / UP

  40. More Complex Challenge “Using watts as a replacement for bandwidth, you get radio and television stations all over the air with high-powered signals. You get cellular phone systems with one base station every 30 miles…” -- George Gilder, 1996 • Translation: “Densify the network grid!!” GA, LLC / UP

  41. Mesh Network Basis? GA, LLC / UP

  42. 77GHz – “Vehicular” • Allocation at 77GHz for “vehicular radar” • Main interest  Automotive CAS radar • Problem: “Auto” companies don’t buy from start-ups GA, LLC / UP

  43. 77GHz – “Vehicular” • However, very strong interest from military • Big push in “autonomous vehicles” • DARPA “Desert Challenge” met • DARPA “Urban Challenge” next • Use 77GHz look-ahead radar for guidance GA, LLC / UP

  44. Conclusions • Strong identified need for more bandwidth • Various technologies have flopped though • Need is still there and unmet • Failures clearly due to structural shortcomings • Mm-wave seems to be the best way forward • Regulatory situation favorably - worldwide • Mm-wave technologies exist but are “big” • Goal  Unify “UWB” targets with mm-wave • High data rate, reasonable range, low power, small size, low cost… GA, LLC / UP

  45. Conclusions • IC design is a core aspect • “Old” IC design methods fail, must be superceded • Everything is system design now • Anything less than a complete system doesn’t count • Propagation is challenging • Antennae design has hierarchy for progress • Numerous and diverse set of applications • Very rich and forward-looking field of endeavor • Excellent vehicle for industrial/human development GA, LLC / UP

  46. Thank You!!  GA, LLC / UP

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