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I. Japan: From Budding Democracy to Militarist State

I. Japan: From Budding Democracy to Militarist State II. A European Response to Liberal Decline: Fascism III. Italy and Mussolini IV. The German Tragedy V. Revolutions in Russia: 1917 and 1928–1939. B. Citizens or Subjects? 1889 Constitution Suffrage Law of 1925 Bluestocking

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I. Japan: From Budding Democracy to Militarist State

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  1. I. Japan: From Budding Democracy to Militarist State II. A European Response to Liberal Decline: Fascism III. Italy and Mussolini IV. The German Tragedy V. Revolutions in Russia: 1917 and 1928–1939

  2. B. Citizens or Subjects? 1889 Constitution Suffrage Law of 1925 • Bluestocking • Hiratsuka Rachö, 1911 • New Women’s Association • Women’s Suffrage League • I. Japan: From Budding Democracy to Militarist State • A. Post World War I Japan • ero/guro/nonsense • Yosano Akiko • Yoshino Sakuz­o • Hiratsuka Raicho • Tanizaki Jun’ichiro • Akutagawa Ryonosake • Rashomon • Rice Riots • Zaibatsu • Taisho Demokurashii, 1905–1930 • Emperor Taisho (1912–1926)

  3. Japan: From Budding Democracy to Militarist State • C. Interwar Foreign Policy and Economic Crises • Manchuria • by 1932, Japan controls • Economic Crisis • 1923—earthquake • 1929—international depression • > Keynesianism • D. The Rise of Militarism • 1936—Anti-Comintern Pact • Germany • Italy (1937) • v. USSR • 1940—Tripartite Pact • v. U.S.

  4. C. The End of Rationality • Benedetto Croce • Friedrich Nietzche (1844–1900) • Ubermensch • Georges Sorel (1847–1922) • Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855–1927) • Aryanism • II. A European Response to Liberal Decline: Fascism • A. Justifications • Social Darwinism • Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) • Joseph-Arthur de Gobineau (1816–1882) • Anglo-Saxon Movement • Pan-Germanic League • B. Modern Anti-Semitism • Heinrich von Treitschke (1834–1896) • Pogroms • Protocols of the Elders of Zion • Theodor Herzl • Zionism • 1897—Zionists conference

  5. C. Building the Fascist State • 1928—Lateran Treaty • State capitalism • syndicates • D. State and Struggle: Mussolini’s Legacy • Mafia weakened • Great Depression • Ideology • Il Duce • III. Italy and Mussolini • A. Benito Mussolini (1883–1945) • 1912, editor of Avanti • publishes Il Pòpolo d’Italia • fasci di combattimento • B. The Path to Power • Gabriele d’Annunzio (1863–1938) • 1921 elections • 35 seats • > National Fascist Party, November • 1922—general strike • stopped by Mussolini • Victor Emmanuel III • invites Mussolini to form cabinet • Mussolini takes over

  6. IV. The German Tragedy Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg • German Communist Party • A. Failure of the Weimar Republic • November 1918 • Friederich Ebert, Social Democrats • German Communist Party, 1918 • from Spartacists • Karl Liebknecht • Rosa Luxemburg • 1919—Weimar Constitution • Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg • 1925—President • B. Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) • 1920—National Socialist German Workers’ party • from German Workers’ party • Sturmabteilung (SA) • adopt swastika • 1923—Hitler’s Putsch • arrested • Mein Kampf

  7. D. War on the Jews • 1935—Nuremberg laws • November 9, 1938—Kristallnacht • E. The Nazi Impact • German Youth • F. Economic Policies • Labor Front • “Strength Through Joy” movement • IV. The German Tragedy C. Hitler’s Chance • Fuhrer • 1930 Elections • Nazi’s, 107 seats • Joseph Goebbels, propaganda • 1932—Hindenburg president • Hitler in coalition government • 1933—Hitler chancellor • calls for new elections • February 27—Reichstag Fire • Marinus van der Lubbe • > Hitler wins • Enabling Act • rule by decree • end of Weimar Republic • “Third Reich” • (First: Otto I—962–1806 • Second: Bismarck—1871–1918)

  8. B. The second, “Bolshevik” Revolution • 1917, Lenin returns • General Lavr Kornilov • March–October 1917 • chaos • Military Revolution, November 6 Trotsky comes to power • V. Revolutions in Russia: 1917 and 1928–1939 • A. The First, “Spontaneous” 1917 Revolution • Petrograd, strikes • Tsar Nicholas II • dismisses Duma, March 11 • Duma • > Provisional Committee • (Provisional Government) • Tsar abdicates, March 15 • Leon Trotsky • Mensheviks • Alexander Kerensky (1881–1970) • Provisional Government

  9. V. Revolutions in Russia: 1917 and 1928–1939 • C. Power, Allied Intervention, and Civil War • Constituent Assembly • January 1918 • Lenin dissolves • “Whites” • anti-Bolsheviks • > Civil War • Red Army • Cheka • secret police • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Romanovs • July 1918 • assassinated • by 1920, Whites defeated

  10. F. Trotsky v. Stalin • Leon Trotsky (1879–1940) • (Lev Davidovich Bronstein) • Iskra • Joseph Stalin (1879–1953) • (Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) • apparatchiks • Leninism, from 1924 • 1926—Politburo purged • Trotsky assassinated in exile, 1940 • V. Revolutions in Russia: 1917 and 1928–1939 • D. Theory, Reality, and the State • Lenin • proletariat • State • Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic • 1922-—Union of Soviet Socialist Republics • Politburo • Secretariat of the Central Committee • E. War Communism and the NEP • 1918–1921—“War Communism” • Marxist • 1921–1928—New Economic Policy

  11. I. Five-Year Plans • 1929—First • industrialization • 1933—Second • gigantism • J. The Great Purges • K. Changes in Soviet Society • Alexander Blok (1880–1921) • Vladimir Mayakovsky (1893–1930) • Sergei Eisenstein (1898–1948) • Sergei Prokofiev (1891–1953) • Dmitri Shostakovich (1906–1975) • V. Revolutions in Russia: 1917 and 1928–1939 • G. Stalin’s Economics • Collectivization of agriculture • Five-year plans • H. War on the Peasants • sovkhoz—state farms • kolkhoz—collective farms

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