The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire Level One Individuals and Societies Mr. Pentzak Spring 2014

Pre-test 4/28 & 4/29 • What was the capital city of the Ottoman Empire? What was it called before they captured the city? • When was the Ottoman Empire founded? When did it end? • How many modern-day countries were once ruled by the Ottomans? • What was the main religion of the empire? • What is a sultan?

Pre-test continued • What is a caliph? • Which sultan was considered to be “The Magnificent” and what were two things he accomplished? • What was the sultanate of women? • What is a Divan, and what is its purpose? • What title is given to the sultan’s top advisor? • During WWI, which side did the Ottomans fight for?

You have TWO assignments! Homework 4/28 & 4/29 • Do three trials of the Middle East drag and drop game. Record scores and bring it to class. • Vocabulary list four (you know the drill) • Pilgrimage • Revolution • Tenets • Crusade • Sultan • Caliph • Mosque • Muhammad (the prophet) • Jesus (of Nazareth) • Abraham (the patriarch)

What is this? What symbols or images can you recognize?

Before we get into the details of the Ottoman Empire, we need to get some background • The Ottoman Empire occupied the land that birthed three major religions, and citizens of their empire followed diverse faiths The “Big Three” Monotheistic Religions Also known as the “Abrahamic Religions” Judaism Christianity Islam Over 50% of the world’s population belong to one of these three religions

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Similarities Differences View of Jesus Christ Specific teachings in their scriptures Holidays Dietary restrictions Rituals (prayer, conversion, celebrations) Sabbath day • Trace founder back to Abraham • All worship the same god • Originate in the Middle East • Moral codes and laws • Holyland • All have different sects within their religion

Judaism • 14 million believers- Jews/Hebrews • God is “Yahweh” or “Elohim” or “Jehovah” • Abraham is the first Jew (c. 1800 BCE) • From Ur in Mesopotamia • Two sons, Isaac and Ishmael • Isaac’s line- Jews and eventually Jesus • Ishmael’s line- Muslims and eventually Muhammad • Torah is their main religious text, written between 1200-400 BCE • Abraham’s grandson Jacob led family into Egypt, later Jews would be enslaved. • Moses & Ten Commandments • Kingdom of Israel founded, later conquered by the Babylonians c. 530 BCE

Christianity • 2.2 Billion believers-Christians • Based on the teachings of Jesus (4BCE-30CE) • Immaculate conception, son of God • Human and divine • Holy Trinity-Father (God), Son (Jesus), and holy spirit all one and the same • Main Sects (Catholicism, Orthodox, Protestant) • Bible main religious text, two testaments • Old Testament before Jesus (The Torah/Pentauch) • New Testament is after Jesus (written between 60-90 CE) • Constantine spreads Christianity throughout Roman Empire

Islam • 1.6 Billion believers-Moslems/Muslims • God is called “Allah” • Based on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (c. 570 CE- 632 CE) • Holy text is called the Quran or Koran • Must be written in Arabic to be called a Quran, translations are called “Message of the Quran” • Main sects Sunni (~80%) and Shia (~20%)

Bell Ringer 4/30 & 5/1 • What are the “Big Three” Monotheistic religions or the three Abrahamic religions? • Name at least two things all the Abrahamic religions have in common • Name at least one thing that is different/unique about each one

Homework 4/30 & 5/1 • Complete a three-way venn diagram of the Abrahamic Religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) • Include clear labels • Include AT LEAST TWO RELEVANT items in each section • It must be neat and look nice enough to hang up in my room!

Include two items per section Three-Way Venn Diagram of the Abrahamic Religions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Mt6PjKmESU Play until 21:50

Vocab List Four definitions • Pilgrimage-a journey, especially a long one, made to some sacred place as an act of religious devotion • Revolution- a sudden, extreme, or complete change in the way people live, work, etc. • Tenets- a principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy. • Crusade-any one of the wars that European Christian countries fought against Muslims to retake the Holy land during the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries • Sultan-a king or ruler of a Muslim state or country • Caliph-the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad.

Vocab List Four defintions • Mosque- a Muslim place of worship. • Abraham- an Old Testament patriarch regarded by Jews as the founder of the Hebrew people through his son Isaac and by Muslims as the founder of the Arab peoples through his son Ishmael • Jesus- A Jewish teacher and prophet whose life and teachings form the basis of Christianity. • Muhammad- An Arab prophet regarded as the founder of Islam or the restorer of the monotheistic religion of Abraham

The Five Pillars of Islam • Shahada • Salat • Sawm • Zakat • Hajj • The five pillars of Islam give the basic outline of how to live as a Muslim. Faith in one-true God (Allah), prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage

Shahada • “Declaration of Faith” or bearing witness to the one true God and his messenger

Salat • “Daily Prayer” Stop and contemplate God five times a day • Pray facing Mecca • Fajr- dawn/sunrise • Zuhr- afternoon • Asr- evening • Maghrib- After sunset/dusk • Isha- dusk until dawn

Sawm • “Fasting” or not eating or drinking while the sun is up during the 9th month of the Muslim calendar called Ramadan • Feasting and prayer at night • Exceptions: elderly, sick, pregnant, children • Also, no smoking, perfume (sometimes cursing) • Meant to purify/cleanse the body

Zakat • “Alms Giving” or charity. Muslims are expected to donate a portion of their wealth of what is left over. In modern Muslim countries the figure is typically around 2.5%

Hajj • “Pilgrimage” all able-bodied Muslims must go to Mecca and circumvent (circle around) the Kaaba seven times • Wear simple garments- all are equal in the eyes of Allah and all Muslims are brothers

Graphic Organizer of the Five Pillars of Islam • Create a graphic organizer (in any format: a tree, a spider web, a rainbow, a soccer ball, whatever) that displays the five pillars of Islam • You need to include the Arabic word, the English translation, and a relevant picture or illustration • Electronic of paper (paper preferred)

Bell Ringer 5/2 & 5/5 • Name as many of the five pillars of Islam as you can WITHOUT looking at your notes. • Which Vocab List Four word best describes what the five pillars of Islam are? • Are there any pillars that you can make connections to any other religions we have studied?

Take out a blank sheet of paper, write your name, date & block Vocab Quiz Four 1. Mosque 2. Caliph 3. Abraham 4. Sultan 5. Pilgrimage 6. Revolution 7. Muhammad 8. Crusade 9. Jesus 10. Tenets • A. An Arab prophet regarded as the founder of Islam or the restorer of the monotheistic religion of Abraham • B. An Old Testament patriarch regarded by Jews as the founder of the Hebrew people through his son Isaac and by Muslims as the founder of the Arab peoples through his son Ishmael • C. A Jewish teacher and prophet whose life and teachings form the basis of Christianity. • D.A Muslim place of worship. • E.A king or ruler of a Muslim state or country • F.Any one of the wars that European Christian countries fought against Muslims to retake the Holy land during the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries • G.A principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy. • H. Asudden, extreme, or complete change in the way people live, work, etc. • I.A journey, especially a long one, made to some sacred place as an act of religious devotion • J. the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad.

Caliphates • After the death of Muhammad, who would become the leader of the Muslim faith? • A Caliph is the religious leader or successor of Muhammad • Sunni’s believe caliph should be elected • Shia’s believe caliph should be related to Muhammad • Four Main Caliphates • Rashidun (632-661 CE), Umayyad (661-750 CE), Abbasid (750-1258), Ottoman (1517-1924 CE)

Optional Note Slide Spread of Islam • Muhammad preaches after receiving his revelation and much of the Arabian Peninsula becomes Muslim by the time of his death • After his death, his successors spread the faith and a series of military conquests further spreads Islam • Much of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) falls to Muslim conquerors, north Africa into the Iberian Peninsula, and into modern day Iran and Iraq

Spread of Islam

Ottoman Origins • A mercenary was granted a small piece of land on the Anatolian peninsula in exchange for military service • His son Osman I conquered lands around the land grant, establishing the Ottoman Empire in 1299 CE • Explosive growth and expansion follows, mostly at the expense of the Byzantines

Ottoman Origins continued • Spread their influence into Eastern Europe and the Middle East • Were able to defend off attacks from crusading armies and win key victories • Conquered Constantinople in 1453, renamed Istanbul and establish it as their capital city

What are advantages/disadvantages of either style? Reflect… <European Ottoman>

Military • Often considered to be the superior military power of the Mediterranean region • Maintained a large standing army • Naval power • Fast, lightweight units • Mercenary troops, captive soldiers, conscription (Azabs) • One of the first to use cannons, guns, and established an Air Force in 1909

Elite Troops • Sipahi • Calvary, swords, lances, bows, axes, maces • Ethnic Turks • Given land in exchange for service • Led charges in battle, distract enemy from infantry units

Elite Troops • Janissaries • Infantry, bows/small blades; then guns • Sultans bodyguards and seen as battle-winners • Slaves, but were paid, could marry, retire and receive pensions • Christians, European, ethnically Serbs, Ukrainian, Greek

Bell Ringer 5/6 & 5/7 • Based on the previous lecture material, please answer the following questions. • How were Europeans dressed for battle? • How were Ottomans dressed for battle? • What are the advantages/disadvantages of each style?

Moscow: 55°N, 37°E Rome: 43°N, 12°E Jerusalem: 31°N, 35°E

Major Battles Jigsaw Activity Directions: • You will download a blank map from my website. • You will then be assigned a number: either 1, 2, 3, or 4 • Download the worksheet that matches your number • Find a partner that has the information you need from either Column A or Column B • Column A has coordinates, but no descriptions. Column B has descriptions, but no coordinates (fill in the missing information from your partner’s worksheet then switch) • Each numbered coordinate will match it’s numbered description • Plot and label each battle on the map you downloaded. • Save and send to me: joseph_pentzak@iss.k12.nc.us

Current Event Article • Go to my website • There is a new tab for “Links for Current Events” • Choose any of those websites and find an article about something going on in any country that was once previously ruled by the Ottoman Empire • Copy the link, and type two paragraphs: One should be a summary (who, what, where, when, why) and another on the significance (why it’s important/why we should care)

Women in the Ottoman Empire • Ottoman Empire was Islamic • What do you think the role of women would have been like? • The Qur'an says: • Women are equal to men • Women should be educated • Women can refuse a potential husband and seek divorce • Women can own and inherit property

Women continued • Women wore veils, which was originally reserved for the upper class • Most women were not to be seen in public, but still retained rights and influence, having servants acting for them • Royal women especially influential • Arrange marriages, diplomatic efforts, commission mosques, hospitals, art centers, schools, regents

Harem • Female living quarters, their relatives, servants, and children • Has been translated to mean“forbidden” • Usually occupied by multiple women who were the concubines of the sultan • Female sphere of influence

Valide Sultan • The second most powerful position in the Ottoman Empire after the Sultan • Meaning “Mother of the Sultan” or “Queen Mother” • “A Mother’s right is God’s right” • Often would act as regent if their son was underage or incompetent

Sultanate of Women The Valide Sultan tradition paved the way for the Sultanate of Women, a period when the women of the harem ruled the empire • 1530s-1680s a series of infant or insane Sultans follows the death of Suleiman. • Begins with Roxelana (d. 1558), wife of Suleiman The Magnificent • Ends with TurhanHatice (d.1683)

Sultanate of Women Hurrem (Roxelana) • Ukrainian slave • Becomes the Sultan’s favorite • Has competition removed • Marries the Sultan • Her son continues the line of sultans • Great patron of the Arts and influenced foreign affairs

Sultanate of Women continued Nur-Banu (Cecilia) • Venetian slave • Controlled political interactions • When the Sultan died, she hid the body in an icebox until her young son got to the palace 12 days later • First Valide Sultan to act as regent (1574-83)

Sultanate of Women continued Kosem TurhanHatice Russian 12 when placed in Sultan’s harem, skipped as Valide Sultan in favor of Kosem Her son was going to be replaced by new heir Orders death of Kosem Defers power to the Grand Vizier • Greek • 1623-32 sole regent • After death of her son Murad IV, her other son (mentally unstable) overthrown and she places her 7yr. grandson 1648-52 • Killed on the orders of her mother-in-law TurhanHatice

Create your own deranged sultan! • Go to my website • Down the “Create your own deranged sultan” worksheet • Go through the first column (traits of sultans) and select the crazy actions of your sultan • Go through the second column (traits of the validesutlan) and select how you as the mother of the sultan would address those issues. • Write one paragraph (FIVE sentences) from the perspective of the sultan • Write a second paragraph (FIVE sentences) from the perspective of the valide sultan

Government • Ruled by the Sultan, inherited title • Absolute power • Sultan advised by Grand Vizier and Divan • Religiously based law codes • Legal system had three courts (for Muslims, Non-Muslims, and trade disputes) • Provinces/Regions ruled by Governors local control

Law • Sharia Law- Based on Holy Teachings of the Koran, but includes civil laws as well • Guidelines for prayer, eating/fasting, customs, relationships, trade, crime, punishments, etc. • Local law was largely kept in place in order to integrate diverse cultures into the Empire • Suleiman I drafted TheKanuns his personal law code that protected minorities, peasants, relaxed criminal punishments, created improved taxation systems & allowed for the removal of corrupt officals

Beys • The former rulers of conquered territories, often the kings that were retained as governors and continued day-to-day rule of the province • Could also be appointed governor of region selected by the sultan • Controlled regional government

Millets • Smaller division of the Provinces, local areas usually high in non-Muslim populations • Usually religious based groupings • Protects rights of the minority • Were able to select their own leaders that reported to the Beys • This allowed for a degree of cultural integrity to be retained

The Ottoman Empire