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The Origin of HIV

This document delves into the origins of HIV, its structure, lifecycle, and relationship with SIV. HIV, part of the Retroviridae family, is characterized by its enveloped form, two copies of ssRNA, and unique capsid structure. The text explores key theories on HIV's emergence, including the Hunter and Contaminated Needle theories, as well as the earliest documented cases. It highlights the progression of HIV to AIDS stages and emphasizes geographic regions most affected. Finally, available treatments and the ongoing search for a cure are discussed.

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The Origin of HIV

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  1. The Origin of HIV Neelam Rani, Vijaya Alla

  2. What is HIV? Group: Group VI (ssRNA) Family: Retroviridae Genus: Lentivirus Species: HIV-1, HIV-2

  3. Virus Structure • Enveloped • Two copies of ssRNA • Reverse transcriptase • Bullet-shaped capsid • 72 spikes • Only 9 genes

  4. LifeCycle

  5. What is SIV? • Retrovirus that infects primates • Virus is transmitted sexually • It does not cause disease in natural host • May cause SAIDS in non-natural hosts

  6. Relationship: HIV & SIV • HIV-1 evolved from SIVcpz found in a chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodyte troglodyte • HIV-2, the less virulent form, evolved from SIVsm found in sooty mangabeys

  7. Theories on Origin • Hunter Theory • Contaminated Needle Theory • OPV Theory • Colonial Theory

  8. Earliest Cases • 1959 - adult male in Congo • 1969 - teenager in St.Louis • 1976 - sailor in Norway

  9. Causes • Travel • Blood Industry • Drug Use • Intercourse • Birth

  10. HIV’s Progression to AIDS • Stage I - asympotomatic • Stage II - mucocutaneous maifestations, URI • Stage III - chronic diarrhea, severe bacterial infections, pulmonary TB • Stage IV - taxoplasmosis of brain, candidiasis of esophagus,trachea, lungs and kaposi’s sarcoma

  11. Geography • Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the Caribbean are the hardest hit • WHO estimates 36-44 million are infected with HIV as of Dec 2004

  12. Medications • No cure • No vaccine • HAART “cocktail” - contains protease inhibitors and two reverse transcriptase inhibitors • Antisense therapy – fragment of DNA that binds to viral mRNA to prevent translation

  13. References • http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Simian_immunodeficiency_virus • http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/AIDS • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV • http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/1999/499_aids.html • http://www.avert.org/origins.htm

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