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Lecture 24 : The Catholic Reformation

Lecture 24 : The Catholic Reformation. -- Church’s response to the Reformation became known as the Catholic or Counter-Reformation -- Council of Trent (1545) Church attempts to address abuses of the clergy, define common belief and practice for all Christians

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Lecture 24 : The Catholic Reformation

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  1. Lecture 24: The Catholic Reformation

  2. -- Church’s response to the Reformation became known as the Catholic or Counter-Reformation -- Council of Trent (1545) Church attempts to address abuses of the clergy, define common belief and practice for all Christians -- Council met for 18 years, but resolved nothing -- Most effective Counter-Reformation tool was Ignatius Loyola who founds the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) -- Vincent de Paul and Francis de Sales challenge the Protestants by creating programs for social justice, aligning Church on the side of the meek and the poor -- St. John of the Cross (The Dark Night of the Soul) and St. Theresa of Avila (The Interior Castle; Carmelites) explore mystical side of Catholicism

  3. -- After the Council of Trent, Church takes a stronger interest in family life and roles of husbands and wives, responsibilities of parents to train their children in the faith -- Church began to oppose the excesses of Lenten Carnival and other “pagan laxities” which were part of everyday lives of Europeans -- Church began to monitor sexual morality and form “family values” which became characteristically “Catholic” in response to Puritanical tendencies of Protestants

  4. Justification by faith alone Everyone has equal access to God Scripture is only true source/vernacular is essential Sacrament (bread and wine are only symbolic Heavenly intermediaries are unnecessary (saints, etc.) Predestination/not actions Baptism and the Lord’s Supper are only true sacraments Both faith and good works are necessary to salvation Only priests may perform the sacraments Only Church can interpret Scripture Eucharist is a mystery and not merely symbolic Intercession of saints and angels is valuable and necessary Individuals are responsible for their own salvation Seven sacraments: baptism, Eucharist, penance, confirmation, marriage, holy orders, last rites Protestant Catholic

  5. -- French Wars of Religion (1562-1598): after death of Henry II in 1559, his widow, Catherine de Medici, a strong Catholic, would lead the persecution of French Calvinists (Huguenots) -- As a result of the persecution, Huguenots begin to form local militias -- The “Ultra-Catholics” were lead by the Guise family which had political control over Paris and much of northern and northwestern France -- Guise raised large armies, supported by the Papacy and the Jesuits (“army of Jesus”), who threatened not only the Huguenots, but also the moderate Catholic Valois monarchy -- France became polarized between towns and provinces which supported either the Ultra-Catholics or the Huguenots

  6. -- England would support the Huguenots and Philip II of Spain would support the Ultras -- War would erupt in 1562 when the Duke of Guise massacred a peaceful congregation of Huguenots in the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre -- In Spain, Philip II (1527-98) responded to religious pressure by escalating persecutions of Muslims, Jews and Christians suspected of heresies through the use of the Inquisition -- The Inquisition was also used in the Netherlands, Milan, Naples and Sicily which were also ruled by Philip -- Philip begins 80 years of war in 1567 when the Netherlands revolt, his brother John of Austria leads the Spanish navy and the forces of Venice, Genoa and the Papal States against the Ottomans who attempt to aid exiled Moriscos

  7. -- 1588 – Philip launches Spanish Armada against England, both because of English piracy and because Elizabeth I executes her Catholic cousin, Mary Queen of Scots -- In England, Elizabeth I (1533-1603) inherits the throne from her sister, Mary, and become leader of the Church of England --- Church of England created after Elizabeth’s father, Henry VIII seeks a divorce from his devoutly Catholic wife and Papacy refuses to annul the marriage; theology identical to the Catholic Church except that divorce is allowed and English ruler is also the head of the Church -- Between 1559 and 1563, Church of England passes religious legislation which becomes the doctrinal basis of the Church -- During this period, both Catholics and English Protestants (Puritans) are persecuted by Church of England

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