Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3

Exploring Mendelian Genetics11-3 http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ____________________________ the ________________________. = ________________________ Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions.

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have ____________ allele __________ = ____________________ EX: blood type Allele choices ___ ___ ___

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ____________________________ = __________________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____“___________” phenotypes There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________ of intelligences in-between http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

COMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ allele _______ the ___________ one PATTERN ?____________ allele ________ in a _____ratio in the ____ generation http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ expected _____ ratio in F2 generation _____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

CO-DOMINANCE _______ traits are expressed at ___________ (____________________) in heterozygote A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair side by side

CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A alleleAND a B allele have blood type AB

REMEMBER Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self = ______________ http://www.mannanw.com/super-sugars.htm

BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices= _________________________ The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: _____ ____ ____

BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface

BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B”glycoprotein on its surface

BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface

BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES

B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! DONORBLOOD A and AB see Aas “like me” Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! DONORBLOOD B and AB see Bas “like me” Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

DONORBLOOD ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! DONORBLOOD Only AB sees ABas “like me” Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

AB can only GIVE to ABBUT . . . ______ can RECEIVE FROM EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________ Body image modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html

ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE Rh+ Rh-

OTHER BLOOD TYPES ____________________ IF: MOM is _____& BABY is ____ MOM is _____& BABY is _____ Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif

Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____ 1st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstream put mom’s immune system on alert for + cells. Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it is growing Mom given shot after 1st birth prevents this Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif

http://www.angelbabygifts.com/ Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism = _________________ All other chromosomes = _________________ Humans have two sex chromosomes and _____ autosomes

SEX DETERMINATION XX = Xy =

X X Who decides? X Mom can give X Dad can give X or y y SO _____ determines sex of the baby. If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl If dad give y with mom’s X = boy

HEMOPHILIA CAUSE: Mutation in genes for __________________ carried ______ chromosome Blood clotting proteins are missing so person with this disorder can’t stop bleeding when injured; can ________________ from minor cuts or suffer internal bleeding from bruises or bumps.

HEMOPHILIA Treatment: Need ____________ of normal clotting proteins to stop bleeding _____________ in ______ because it is X-linked, but females with ______ recessive hemophilia alleles will also show the trait. 1 in 10,000 males has hemophilia

COLORBLINDNESS CAUSE: Mutation in one of three genes for _______________ carried on X chromosome Persons with this disorder have trouble distinguishing colors. _________________ colorblindness is most common Seen in 1 in 10 males 1 in 100 females http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/peripherals/samsung-develops-lcd-for-colorblind-036306.php

DEFECTIVE NORMAL Males ONLY HAVE ONE X They either have the disorder They are normal Or

DEFECTIVE NORMAL DEFECTIVE FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES Females have one normalgene that works. Females __________defective recessive alleles to show the disorder

The X chromosome in males . . . flies WITHOUT a copilot! . . . there’s NO BACK UP X to help them!

Xb Xb X-linked cross XB Dad is not colorblind Mom is colorblind y What is the probability of having acolorblind boy? What is the probability of having a colorblind girl?

Girls with this genotype: XBXb don’t show the COLORBLIND trait They have a “backup” X. BUT. . . . They can pass the gene onto their offspring.

A heterozygous person who carries a recessive allele for a genetic disorder, but ________ show the trait themselves is called a _____________ http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc460/spring/rlm/RLM36.1.html

Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3