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AHSGE Social Studies Review

Explore the transition from the medieval period into the Age of Exploration, highlighting Feudalism, Crusades, Reformation, and key figures like Columbus and Gutenberg. Discover the impact on trade, culture, and technology.

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AHSGE Social Studies Review

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  1. AHSGE Social Studies Review Workbook – Section 1-3 Exploration & Colonization of New World

  2. Middle Ages • Period of time between the fall of the Roman Empire and the Protestant Reformation • 500 – 1500 AD • Western Europe became isolated from rest of the world • Invasions and wars were common in Western Europe • Also known as the medieval period

  3. Feudalism • System based on giving land in exchange for loyalty and military service • Also known as: feudal system or manorial system

  4. Monarch • Single ruler of an area • King or Queen • Owned the land • Feudalism started with the monarch • Gave land to nobles in exchange for loyalty and military protection

  5. Noble • A person who promised to protect the land given to him by a monarch • Often lived in a castle

  6. Manor • The home of a noble • Usually made up of a castle and the lands around it • May include one or more villages

  7. Knights • Professional soldiers who would fight for the land when needed • Nobles gave part of land to knights in exchange for military service

  8. Peasants • Poor farmers who worked for landowners • Did not get paid • Had to pay to stay on the manor • In exchange protected by the owner

  9. Serfs • Peasants who were bound to the land • Could not leave the manor unless granted freedom by owner

  10. Events leading to the Age of Exploration • Crusades • Renaissance • Reformation

  11. Crusades • Known as Holy Wars • Started 1095 • Religious wars between Christians and Muslims • Fought over Holy Land (Palestine) • Christians tried to free Holy Land from the Muslims • Lead to the breakdown of feudalism

  12. Breakdown of Feudalism • Crusades helped to weaken the power of the nobles • Many were killed, sold their fortunes, or lost their fortunes because of the wars • As a result, kings grew stronger • Powerful monarch ended the feudal system

  13. Crusades led to Increased Trade • Western Europeans discovered silk, woven rugs, Asian foods (rice, oranges, dates), and new spices • Arab traders had been selling Middle Eastern and Asian goods to Italian merchants, but they were very expensive • Crusades increased the demand for these goods at a better price

  14. Banker • Merchant who loaned and borrowed money • Before these merchants had to barter goods • Money – gold coins – used in exchanging goods

  15. Protestant Reformation • Movement that split the Catholic Church • Started by Martin Luther • Disagreed with teaching of Catholic Church • Called Protestants because they “protested” the corruption of the Catholic Church

  16. Corruption of Catholic Church • Church acquired land and wealth • Sold church jobs • Sold indulgences (pardons for sins) • Church leaders lead immoral lifestyles

  17. Renaissance • Means rebirth • Period of renewed interest in arts and learning • 1300 to 1500

  18. Classical Culture • Art, literature, and learning of the Greeks and Romans

  19. Humanism • Interest in Classical Culture

  20. Johannes Gutenberg • Renaissance inventor • Invented movable type • Led to his invention of the printing press • Made spreading new ideas of Renaissance much easier • Made books faster and cheaper to produce

  21. Corporations • “Corpus” is Latin for body • Body or group of people doing business

  22. Joint-Stock Company • Corporation that sold shares to raise money • Helped to finance colonies in the New World

  23. Monopoly • Means one group provides the goods or services • Without competition

  24. Navigation • Art of steering ships to distant ports

  25. Latitude • Mapping lines that run at equal distances around the Earth • Run east to west • Measure north to south

  26. Longitude • Lines used in mapping that run from the North Pole to the South Pole • Measure east to west

  27. Elimination of Italian and Arab Traders • They had monopoly on Mediterranean routes • Western Europeans could not trade directly with the Middle East • European merchants could sell goods cheaper and for a higher profit

  28. New Technologies • Compass – points north • Astrolabe – navigate by stars, moon, stars • Caravel – sail against the wind

  29. Christopher Columbus • Sailed for Spain (King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella) • 1492 – discovered New World

  30. San Salvador • Island where Columbus landed in the New World

  31. Indians • Name Columbus gave to natives he found on island

  32. New World • Name given to the continents between Europe and the Far East • Now known as the Americas

  33. Columbian Exchange • Exchange of plants, animals, and disease between Europe and the Americas after Columbus • Know chart on page 51

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