EMBEDDING

1. EMBEDDING • Review of the structure of the clause and lower-ranking units filling constituents of the clause • Review of types of clauses • Minor versus Major • Elliptical versus non-elliptical • Ranking versus Down-ranked or embedded • Ranking independent versus ranking dependent • Embedded clauses (Functions)

2. SO FAR WE HAVE … … studied, by reference to the rankscale as a hierarchy of lexico-grammatical resources, • the different groups and phrases, their constituents and the functions these constituents perform; • the structure of the clause: the constituents within it, the function they perform and the lower-rank units that realize them.

3. EVERYTHING WE HAVE STUDIED … … we then integrated in the analysis of single clauses, with two levels of analysis: one for the constituents of the clause and the other for the groups and phrases that realize them, as is shown in the following screens:

4. INTEGRATING EVERYTHING WE HAVE STUDIED SO FAR IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE FOLLOWING CLAUSE Segment the following clause into its constituents, label them and then indicate which groups and phrases realize the different constituents. Check your segmentation with the following screen: “However, since 1945 the population of Australia has obviously become more cosmopolitan”

5. Analysing the structure of a clause – Segmenting the clause into its constituents. Now label them

6. Analysing the structure of the clause – Labelling constituents of the clause

7. Analysing the structure of the clause – Identify groups and phrases that realize the constituents

8. Structure of the clause – Identifying groups and phrases that realize elements of the clause

9. Structure of the clause – Identifying constituents of groups and phrases

10. Then we looked at … … clauses and their different types. We will brefly review the different types of clauses and then focus on one type (embedded clauses)

11. Types of clauses reviewed • Minor versus Major clauses • Major clauses: Ranking clauses versus downranked or rankshifted clauses (= embedded) • Ranking clauses: independent versus dependent clauses • Independent clauses: Elliptical and non-elliptical

12. Minor versus Major clauses • Minor clauses are those that have no Predicator Calls: Peter! Mr Smith! Mum! Alarms: Fire! Danger! Help! No smoking. Careful! Greetings: Hi! Goodday! Good morning! Exclamations: My Goodness! Good God! Great! Congratulations! Not at all! Wow! Thank you! Continuity: (they arrived last night) – Uhuh. • Major clauses have Predicators See next screen

13. Minor versus Major clauses • Minor clauses are those that have no Predicator • Major clauses have Predicators (they can be declarative, interrogative and imperative in mood) Come here! Did you answer the phone? I’m afraid // I disagree there. (2 Predicators; 2 clauses) He was reluctant to help // because he had been offered no pay. (2 Predicators; 2 clauses) That he leftis not yet certain. (2 Predicators; 2 clauses, one embedded within the other)

14. Why Minor Clauses and not Groups? Clauses like “Fire!” and “Careful!” are considered Clauses and not NGps or AdjGps because they do not make up clauses, i.e. they are not constituents within a clause, but, like clauses, they convey messages by themselves. Consider the following examples of Minor Clauses and Ngps/AdjGps within a cluse: “Fire!” (Minor Clause) “The firemen managed to put out the fire” (NGp) “Careful”! (Minor Clause) “Be careful with your books” (AdjGps)

15. Why Minor Clauses and not Elliptical Clauses? Clauses like “Fire!” and “Careful!” are considered Minor Clauses and not elliptical Clauses because clauses are said to be elliptical only when the constituents omitted in them can be retrieved from previous clauses, and this is not the case with Minor Clauses. No constituents have been omitted in them that can be retrieved from previous clauses,. See examples below: Danger! (Minor clause) What did you say this would cause them? (He said this would cause him) danger.

16. Major clauses: different typesIndependent Major clauses can be of three different types: • Independent clauses  They can stand alone, i.e. they do not need any other clause to convey a whole message, and they have mood of their own and can shift in mood: “Sonny sang a moving song”. “Did Sonny sing a moving song?!” “Sing us a moving song, Sonny!” • Dependent clauses • Embedded clauses

17. Major clauses: different typesDependent Major clauses can be of three different types: • Independent clauses • Dependent clauses  They cannot stand alone because they need another clause to convey a message that is perceived as complete. They are called “dependent”, because they depend on another clause for the expression of mood and sometimes tense. They can be Finite or Non-finite • Embedded clauses

18. Major clauses: different typesEmbedded Major clauses can be of three different types: • Independent clauses • Dependent clauses • Embedded clauses  They are not ranking clauses, i.e. clauses working as clauses (conveying a message, as independent clauses do, or expanding it, as dependent clauses do), but they are down-ranked clauses, that is, clauses brought down from their rank and functioning as constituents within another clause

19. Major clauses: different types exemplified • Independent clauses can be of three types: Sonny sang a moving song (single clause). Sonny sang a moving song and (he was) generally acclaimed (any clause in a paratactic/coordinating clause complex, even if elliptical). Sonny sang a moving song, whe he was invited to step onto the stage. (main/dominant clause in a hypotactic clause complex) • Dependent clause: Sonny was generally acclaimed when he sang his song/after singing his song (dependent clauses in hypotactic clause complex, Finite and Non-Finite, introduced by subordinating conjunctions). • Embedded clauses, both Finite and Non-Finite: The boy [[who sang a moving song]] was generally acclaimed. [[Singing a moving song]] is a good way of bringing a camp-fire evening to an end.

20. Independent versus dependent (conveying a whole message vs. expanding a message) • Independent clauses convey a complete message. This is why they can stand alone: Did Sonny sing a moving song? (single clause). Did Sonny sing a moving song and was he generally acclaimed? (clause in a paratactic clause complex). Sing a song and you will be generally acclaimed (clause in a paratactic clause complex). • Dependent clauses do not convey a message which is complete. This is why they cannot stand alone. But they expand a message : … when he sang his song. (Message incomplete) Was Sonny generally acclaimed when he sang a song? (Deendent clause expands message by expressing time)

21. Independent versus dependent (possibility to change mood) • Independent clauses can shift in Mood: Did Sonny sing a moving song? (single clause). Did Sonny sing a moving song and was he generally acclaimed? (clause in a paratactic clause complex). Sing a song and you will be generally acclaimed (clause in a paratactic clause complex). • Dependent clause cannot shift in mood and depend for the expression of mood on the main clause : Sonny was generally acclaimed when he sang his song. Was Sonny generally acclaimed when he sang a song? (Default mood structure always declarative. Mood determined by main/dominant clause)

22. Independent versus dependent (expression of time/tense, person and number) • Independent clauses generally have a Finite that expresses person and number (though not always in English) and tense: Did Sonny sing a moving song? (single clause). Did Sonny sing a moving song and was he generally acclaimed? (clause in a paratactic clause complex). Sing a song and you will be generally acclaimed (clause in a paratactic clause complex). (Imperatives do not have Finites as they do not express tense) • Non-Finite dependent clauses do not have a Finite and depend for the expression of time, person and number on the dominant clause: (Dependent Non-Finite clause) Having sung a beautiful song, Sonny was generally acclaimed

23. Dependent versus Embedded clauses(possibility to suppress them) • Because Dependent clauses are NOT CONSTITUENTS within another clause, they can be suppressed: Sonny was generally acclaimed when he sang his song. Sonny was generally acclaimed. • Because Embedded clauses are CONSTITUENTS within another clause, like NGps or PPs, they cannot be suppressed as the claus would be incomplete: [[Whoever sang]] was generally aclaimed. …. was generally acclaimed (suppression not possible)

24. Dependent versus Embedded Clauses (possibility to shift clause around) • Dependent clauses can be moved around: Sonny was generally acclaimed when he sang his song. (dependent clause in hypotactic clause complex). When he sang his song, Sonny was generally acclaimed(dependent clause in hypotactic clause complex). • Embedded clauses cannot be moved around: [[Whoever sang]] was generally acclaimed. NOT POSSIBLE

25. Relative clausesDependent or embedded? • Non defining relative clauses like the following ones are dependent. Why? Mrs. Johnson, who always takes good care of the garden, is now in hospital and cannot look after it. Mrs. Johnson is now very ill in hospital, which is very sad. • Defining relative clauses are embedded. Why? The lady [[who lives next door]] is a widow. The dog [[ they gave me as a present]] is a golden retriever.

26. Relative clausesDependent or embedded? • Non defining relative clauses like the following ones are dependent because they expand the message but are not part of the dominant clause. They can be suppressed Mrs. Johnson, …, is now in hospital and cannot look after it. Mrs. Johnson is now very ill in hospital, … Defining relative clauses are embedded because they are a constituent within a constituent of another clause (Qualifier within a NGp) and so cannot be suppressed in context The lady [[who lives next door]] is a widow. The dog [[(which) they gave me as a present]] is a golden retriever. See next screen for clarification

27. Defining relative clauses as embedded clauses – Why cannot they be suppressed My neigbours are all married. Peter is married to Susan. John is married to Mary. The lady [[who lives next door]] was married once butis a widow. (In this case “who lives next door cannot be suppressed as the message would be incomplete. We would not know what lady we are talking about) As here My neigbours are all married. Peter is married to Susan. John is married to Mary. The lady was married once butis a widow. (Now we cannot tell which lady we are talking about and the embedded clauses is necessary as we have not mentioned her before)

28. Summary of distinctive features • Ranking independent Can stand alone; choose their own mood • Ranking dependent Can’t stand alone; pick the mood from an independent clause they are linked to. Non-Finite ones depend for person, number and tense, on main clause.They can be suppressed and moved around • Non-ranking (Embedded) Can’t stand alone; pick the mood from an independent clause they are part of. They cannot be suppressed and cannot be moved around

29. Structure of major clauses The structure of major clauses (whether independent, dependent or embedded) can be analysed in the same terms, using the categories S, F, P, C, Adj

30. Structure of major clauses. Examples – independent clause

31. Structure of major clauses. Examples – independent clause

32. Structure of major clauses. Examples –dependent clause

33. Structure of major clauses. Examples –dependent clause

34. Structure of major clauses. Examples – embedded

35. Structure of major clauses. Examples – embedded

36. Structure of major clauses. Further examples – embedded (Finite and Non-Finite) The announcement [[that M. J. will sing the national anthem during the celebration]] was made yesterday. The name of the person [[to sing the national anthem during the celebration]] will be announced tomorrow. The boy [[singing the national anthem during the celebration]] had a deep voice.

37. Structure of major clauses. Further examples – embedded

38. Structure of major clauses. Examples – embedded

39. FOCUSING ON EMBEDDED/DOWNRANKED OR RANKSHIFTED CLAUSES

40. Downranked/rankshifted (= embedded) clauses: definition A clause that has been shifted in rank, that has been brought lower in rank, to function within another clause as an element of that clause or within a group as an element within it. It is conventionally marked by means of [[ ]]. Embedded clauses extend the resources of the language.

41. Downranked (= embedded) clauses. Examples Identify clauses functioning within another clause in the examples below (downranked/rankshifted (= embedded) ) What we need is change. What I don’t enjoy is the weather. Travelling by bike is good for the environment. To err is human; to forgive is divine. To know him is to love him I ate what I could find. I gave whoever was there a present. I cannot stand people who come to your place uninvited. He was not sure about how he should treat him/how to treat him.

42. Downranked (= embedded) clauses identified, with indication of function [[What we need]] is change. (S) [[What I don’t enjoy]] is [[standing in queues]]. (S/SC) [[Travelling by bike]] is good for the environment. (S) [[To err]] is human; [[to forgive]] is divine. (S) [[To know]] him is [[to lovehim]](S/SC) I ate [[what I could find]]. (C = DO) I gave [[whoever was there]] a present. (C= IO) I cannot stand people [[who come to your place uninvited]]. (Q of NG) He was not sure about [[how he should treat him/how to treat him]]. (cv of prep)

43. Embedded clauses – functions within the clause or groups Embedded clauses can function as: Qualifiers within a Ngp/AdjGp/AdvGp Complement (= DO) Complement (= SC) Complement ( =IO) Complement (= OC) Completive (cv) of a Preposition

44. Embedded clauses – FunctionsQualifier within NGp IDENTIFY THEM BEFORE MOVING TO NEXT SCREEN: The fact that inflation is going down is a sign that our economy is improving. The girl whom I lent my book to has disappeared. There is no evidence that he committed the crime. He’s not a man to lend money to. The man sitting next to you is looking at us. Your criticism that your answer has not been taken seriously is not justified. This is exactly the place where Mr. Smith was murdered. That was the day when I fell in love with him.

45. Embedded clauses – functionsQualifier within NGp The fact [[that inflation is going down]] is a sign that our economy is improving. The girl [[whom I lent my book to]] has disappeared. There is no evidence [[that he committed the crime]]. He’s not a man [[to lend money to]]. The man [[sitting next to you]] is looking at us. Your criticism [[that your answer has not been taken seriously]] is not justified. This is exactly the place [[where Mr. Smith was murdered]]. With nouns referring to places That was the day [[when I fell in love with him]]. With nouns referring to time

46. Embedded clauses – functionsQualifier within AdjGp and AdvGp • QUALIFIER WITHIN ADJGP. IDENTIFY: Many people are doubtful how to vote. The minister was quick to reject the accusation. My friends were all willing/reluctant to help. • QUALIFIER WITHIN ADVGP. IDENTIFY: Please sit down anywhere you like. Our coach left earlier than he should have done. People here don’t work as hard as they do in some other countries. He explained it so clearly that everybody understood.

47. Embedded clauses – functionsQualifier within AdjGp and AdvGp • QUALIFIER WITHIN ADJECTIVE GROUP: Many people are doubtful [[how to vote]]. The minister was quick [[to reject the accusation]]. My friends were all willing/reluctant [[to help]]. • QUALIFIER WITHIN ADVERBIAL GROUP: Please sit down anywhere [[you like]]. Our coach left earlier [[than he should have done]]. People here don’t work as hard [[as they do in some other countries]]. He explained it so clearly [[that everybody understood]].

48. Embedded clauses – functionsSubject and Complement (DO) • SUBJECT. IDENTIFY: What I don’t enjoy is standing in queues. What most people prefer is others doing the work. It doesn’t matter where you sit. To take such a risk was rather foolish. • COMPLEMENT: DIRECT OBJECT. IDENTIFY I brought what I could buy I ate what was there. Did he find what he was looking for? I enjoy/hate/love travelling by bus.

49. Embedded clauses – functions bject and Complement (DO) • SUBJECT: [[What I don’t enjoy]] is standing in queues. [[What most people prefer]] is others doing the work. It doesn’t matter [[where you sit]]. [[To take such a risk]] was rather foolish. • COMPLEMENT: DIRECT OBJECT I brought [[what I could buy]]. I ate [[what was there]]. Did he find [[ what he was looking for]]? I enjoy/hate/love [[travelling by bus]].

50. Embedded clauses – functionsComplement (Indirect Object and Completive of Preposition) • COMPLEMENT: INDIRECT OBJECT. IDENTIFY: Save whoever comes the trouble of waiting. Give whatever you think best priority. • COMPLEMENT: COMPLETIVE. IDENTIFY: I strongly object to what you’re insinuating. The party will have to draw on whatever resources it can. They are all arguing about how much to charge for admittance. They stand below where we would like them to be.