Adolescence. Transition period – child to adult G. Stanley Hall – developmental psychologist Adolescence as storm and stress, new idea (1904) What is it to you? Storm and stress? Revelry?. Puberty. 11 y.o. girls/13 y.o. boys Primary sex characteristics
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Adolescence • Transition period – child to adult • G. Stanley Hall – developmental psychologist • Adolescence as storm and stress, new idea (1904) • What is it to you? Storm and stress? Revelry?
Puberty • 11 y.o. girls/13 y.o. boys • Primary sex characteristics • External genitalia and reproductive organs develop drastically • Secondary sex characteristics • Non-reproductive traits (breasts, hips/deepening voice, pubic hair)
Growth • Growth spurts are regulated by hypothalamus, telling the pituitary to secrete growth hormones.
Puberty Landmarks • first period for girls (menarche) • first ejaculation by boys (spermarche). • Feelings associated?
Gender and Adolescence • Girls often go through a "dumb period" at the onset of puberty • IQ drops temporarily and self-esteem plummets. • In extreme cases girls may begin to "starve away" puberty and become anorexic.
Good News • During late adolescence people report relatively high self-esteem: they rebound from the middle school lows. • Focus also becomes less egocentric as formal operational thinking takes hold. • Connections? • Which did you prefer? Now or middle school?
Family Tensions • Adolescence is marked by an increase in peer influence and a reduction in parental influence • Individuation: creating an independent identity in the world (Jung) • How does this explain relationships with parents?
Cognitive development • Teens become more formal operational in their thinking • Is it all a matter of maturation?
Moral questions • You go through the checkout at Harris Teeter and give a ten dollar bill and receive change for a 20? • Is cheating wrong? • Do you copy homework? • Do you ask for questions on a test? • Would you mark that you’d given money to church/charity to receive money back on your taxes?
Kohlberg Critics • There is a discrepancy between moral thought and action
Cultural Criticisms • postconventional reasoning appears mainly in • Educated • Western middle and upper class • Males • value individualism.
Interdependent/collectivist cultures • respect group norms more than western individualistic cultures and therefore are less likely to post-conventional moral reason. • Group cohesion more important than individual codes. • African, Asia, Middle East more interdependent in thinking.
Moral Development, and Gender • while men tend to make judgments based on their view of justice, women tend to make decisions based on relationships. • Ex: Who chooses a movie? Who’s likely to cave first in arguments?
Erik Erikson: Social Development • psychosocial task to complete at each level of development throughout our lifetimes. • If we do not achieve one level, it creates problems in our lives.
Adolescent Development: Erikson • teens are developing a sense of identity • trying on a series of roles until they find one that fits. • What happens when the roles interact? Family dynamics? • They then can move onto forming close relationships.
Gender Bias in Kohlberg • Gilligan complains that girls are more concerned with relationships and therefore develop identity through their relationships
Marcia’s Levels of Identity Achievement • Extends Erikson’s work • identity determined by choices and commitments rather than social traits • Marcia believed that teens fall into four categories in their search for identity
Marcia’s Stages of Development • Diffused: not really searching, living day to day, no direction. • Foreclosed: a little parent, unquestioning, never searched for personal identity. • Moratorium: actively searching and trying on new roles routinely. • Achieved: developed a separate and unique identity they feel comfortable with.
Teens and Sex • 80% of Americans will have sex before they leave adolescence. • 50% will have sex before leaving HS • 50% of teen sex acts occur without condoms. • Pregnancy is high because of ignorance, guilt, alcohol and mass media’s influence.
Teen groups • Boys tend to have larger and more fluid groups than girls. • Also more openly competitive…lots of joining…. • Girls spend more time with their friends than boys, closer relationship, smaller groups. • More intimate in relationships. More likely to pray
Gender Differences • In all stages, women prefer social groups to individualism. • Women who are close to their mothers are more likely to have very close girl-friends.
Males • More likely: • To stare at people when angry, criticize, • Interrupt others in conversation, particularly women • Perceive friendliness as a “come on.”
Adulthood • Stages of adulthood are less clear cut than with children and adolescence. • Development have more to do with the social clock • which varies from culture to culture: • people marry later now than before • Events (often random) drive developmental change • marriage, children, job changes, deaths, “empty nest”, etc.
Early Adulthood: Marriage • 90% of the world’s adult population lives in pair bonds. • As many as 1/2 of Western marriages end in divorce, although most remarry. • Children lower the level of marital satisfaction, particularly in working women. • The most successful marriages are those where positive interactions outnumber negative 5 to 1.
Marriage • Love is most enduring when two have similar interests and values, and share emotional intimacy (self-disclosure). • Called companionate love. • Life partners come from random events and mere-exposure effect • which is why id. twins often aren’t attracted to their twin’s spouse. • People who live together before marriage are more likely to divorce.
