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Hybrid Orbitals

Hybrid Orbitals. Sigma Bond ( σ). Covalent bond which the electron density is concentrated symmetrically along the internuclear axis Line joining the two nuclei passes through middle of overlap Could be two s orbitals overlap, two p orbitals overlap or an s and p overlap. Pi Bond ( π).

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Hybrid Orbitals

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  1. Hybrid Orbitals

  2. Sigma Bond (σ) • Covalent bond which the electron density is concentrated symmetrically along the internuclear axis • Line joining the two nuclei passes through middle of overlap • Could be two s orbitals overlap, two p orbitals overlap or an s and p overlap

  3. Pi Bond (π) • Overlap of orbital is perpendicular to line connecting nuclei • Two p orbitals overlapping • Since not a total overlap pi bonds tend to be weaker than sigma

  4. Bond Types • Single bonds are always sigma • Double bonds consist of a sigma and a pi bond • Triple bonds, sigma and two pi

  5. Hybrid Orbitals • Mixing of s and p orbitals creates hybrid orbitals • CH4 has four bonds coming from central atom • Each bond is formed by overlap of an sp hybrid orbital

  6. Types of Hybrids • sp3 hybrid – one s and three p orbital joined • sp2 hybrid – one s and two p orbitals • sp hybrid – one s and one p orbital • Hybrid orbital type accounts for observed geometry

  7. Unshared Pairs • Unshared pairs can occupy hybrid orbital • NH3 • H2O

  8. Predicting Hybrid Orbitals • Draw structure • Determine electron pair geometry • Specify hybrid orbitals needed to accommodate the electron pairs

  9. Examples • What type of hybrid orbitals in • BeH2 • BF3 • NH2- • SF4

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