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Ocean Water Chemistry

Ocean Water Chemistry. Figure 4.17a. http://www.nhptv.org/. Distribution of Earth’s Water. Oceans 97.2 % Ice Caps and Glaciers 2.15 % Atmosphere 0.001 % Rivers and Lakes 0.009 % Inland Seas 0.008 % Groundwater 0.625 %. Ocean Water is SALTY.

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Ocean Water Chemistry

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  1. Ocean Water Chemistry

  2. Figure 4.17a

  3. http://www.nhptv.org/

  4. Distribution of Earth’s Water • Oceans 97.2 % • Ice Caps and Glaciers 2.15 % • Atmosphere 0.001 % • Rivers and Lakes 0.009 % • Inland Seas 0.008 % • Groundwater 0.625 %

  5. Ocean Water is SALTY • Salinity: Total amount of dissolved solids • Units: o/oo = 1/1000 • Range: 33 – 37 o/oo • Increase in salinity: • Increase in Density • Decrease in Freezing Point • Decrease in Vapor Pressure • Increase in Osmotic Pressure

  6. Origin of Salts in Oceans • Rivers (largest transport of chemicals to ocean) • Rain + CO2 H2CO3 • Si, Al, Na, K, Mg • Volcanoes • Cl, S, CO2 • Dust / Rain • Fe, Si • Anthropogenic • CO2, P

  7. Example Geochemical Cycle Concept of Steady State

  8. Example 2 Geochemical Cycle

  9. Residence Time(T = Ocean amount/Output rate) • Concentration of elements in seawater is determined by their removal rate • Conservative elements: • Major Elements: Cl, Na, SO4, Mg, Ca, K • Minor Elements: Br, Sr, B, C, F • Non Conservative Elements • Nutrients: N, P, Si • Dissolved gases: O2, CO2, N2 • Trace Elements: Fe, Al, Mn • Organic Compounds

  10. ElementRes. Time (yrs) Na 60 000 000 Cl 80 000 000 Mg 10 000 000 K 6 000 000 SO4 9 000 000 Ca 1 000 000 Mn 7 000 Fe 100 Concentration Crust (%) Ocean (mg/l) 2.4 10 770 0.013 19 500 2.3 1 290 2.1 380 0.026 905 4.1 412 0.5 0.0002 2.4 0.002 Residence Time - Concentration

  11. Dissolved Gases Gas Solubility: Decreases with Temp. and Salinity Increases with Pressure

  12. Gases in Atmosphere & Oceans

  13. Seawater pH • Pure water pH = 7 • Seawater pH = 7.5 – 8.1 • Seawater is very well buffered! CO2(gas)+H2OH2CO3H++HCO32H++CO32

  14. H2O: Universal Polar Solvent

  15. H20: Temperature and Density

  16. H2O: Frozen & Liquid density

  17. H2O: Heat Capacity • Heat Capacity: heat needed to change the temperature of a substance • Water has higher heat capacity than: • All solids • All liquids, except liquid ammonia • Latent heat of Vaporization: heat needed to evaporate a liquid • Water has the highest of all substances

  18. Seawater: Temperature and Density

  19. Seawater: Temperature and salinity

  20. Seawater: Ice Formation

  21. Electromagnetic wave penetration

  22. Open water(low productivity)

  23. Coastal and Estuarine waters (high productivity)

  24. Nuclear Missile Submarine

  25. http://www.nhptv.org/

  26. Secchi Disc How do we measure light penetration?

  27. Water Refraction Eschrichtius robustus

  28. Sound Velocity • Influenced by Salinity, Temperature and Pressure • Increases with Salinity • Increases with Temperature • Increases with Pressure • Concept of Midwater Sound Channel Study in Detail Fig 5-19!

  29. Sound Channel

  30. Humpback WhalesMegaptera novaeangliae

  31. Gray Whale & Sonar Proposal Eschrichtius robustus

  32. Gray Whale Migration

  33. Acoustic Pollution

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